Are marine reserves and non-consumptive activities compatible? A global analysis of marine reserve regulations

Marine reserves are places where wildlife and habitats are protected from extractive and depositional uses of the sea. Although considered to be the pinnacle in marine conservation, many permit non-consumptive activities with little or no regulation. This paper examines the potential impacts of 16 non-consumptive activities including scuba diving, sailing, scientific research and motor boating, and how they might compromise the conservation objectives of marine reserves. Examination of 91 marine reserves from 36 countries found little agreement or consistency in what non-consumptive activities are permitted in marine reserves and how they are regulated. The two most common activities allowed without regulation were swimming (mentioned in 80% of marine reserves and allowed in 63% of these) and kayaking (mentioned in 85%, allowed in 53%). Scuba diving was mentioned in 91% and allowed without regulation in 41%. A risk score for the likely level of threat to wildlife and/or habitats that each activity could produce was then assigned based on effects reported in the literature. The risk analysis suggests that motor boating and activities which include or require it have a high potential to negatively impact wildlife and habitats if inadequately managed. Hence protection against extractive or depositional activities alone is insufficient to secure the high standard of protection usually assumed in marine reserves. For this to be achieved activities typically considered as benign must receive appropriate management, especially with increasing recreational use.     

万塘滑坡治理效果预测评价

万塘滑坡是湖北省秭归县香溪河右岸受库水位变动影响的土质滑坡,拟采用抗滑桩进行治理,迫切需要对治理效果进行预测评价。以万塘滑坡地质结构特征、形成机制为基础,采用极限平衡法、FLAC3D显式有限差分法、ABAQUS有限元法相结合,分别从滑坡治理前后稳定性系数变化、剩余推力大小、应力应变分布特征、塑性区变化、抗滑桩桩身结构受力条件5个方面对滑坡治理效果进行评价。研究结果显示,滑坡经治理后不但局部稳定性得到改善,整体稳定性也能满足规范要求。计算结果不但为自然条件下滑坡稳定性分析提供了参考,还为滑坡治理工程效果评价提供了依据,并对施工后布置监测工作有指导意义。      

1982-2009 年珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区植被指数变化

植被指数是指示植被变化的重要指标, 本研究基于1982-2009 年珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区(简称珠峰地区)植被指数(NDVI)时间序列数据、土地覆被和野外调查等数据, 采用时序变化趋势和空间分析法, 对珠穆朗玛峰地区植被的时空变化过程及保护区成效进行了定量分析。研究表明:①珠峰地区NDVI分布的总特征是南部和北部高, 中部低。②1982-2009 年珠峰地区NDVI年际变化趋势和空间异质性十分明显:1982-1997 年, 珠峰地区NDVI总体上呈显著上升趋势, 北部地区增幅较大;1998-2009 年, NDVI总体下降(56.96%的NDVI呈下降趋势), 其中, 珠峰地区中部和北部的NDVI下降最为明显, 而南部核心保护区森林和灌丛的NDVI则呈显著上升趋势, 且变化幅度较大。③长时间序列植被指数变化的过程和空间差异性推断:1998 年以来, 天然林保护等生态工程促使珠峰地区保护效果更加明显。     

论人类活动的空间趋利行为

人类的经济与社会活动存在于空间中,并按照“趋利”的本质特性游离在空间中,形成一系列物质空间景观形态和作用关系表征的空间关联模式。如何看待行为与景观、行为与结构、行为与空间功能间的关系既具有理论意义,也具有重要的实践指导价值。我们所感知的客观世界是在空间逐利行为作用下形成的复杂综合体。为了保持人类社会可持续发展的空间福利,是放任空间行为任其对空间结构的塑造,还是通过建构功效空间来约束空间行为？哪个更有利于人类生存空间所体现的安全、健康和发展福利的保持？人类文明走到现在,恐怕向后者的转向是必然选择。本文基于政治经济学和空间经济学的思考,从分析人类的空间创利、逐利和寻租等空间行为切入,阐释空间趋利的基本特征与形式,及其体现的空间福利效应;剖析了生态文明转向趋势下功效空间组织和空间行为约束的必要性和机制;探索了可持续发展的空间行为模式、范式,进而导出功效空间建构与组织的基本准则。     

Assessing the effectiveness of protecting reserves for nature assets in China

Evaluating the effectiveness of protecting nature assets is a vital component of responsive, pro-active management of protected areas. It is important to protect reserves of geological (including fossils) assets as a means to also protect national and natural heritage. At the end of 2013, 2669 protected areas had been established in China and 123 of them are reserves for nature assets. This paper builds an evaluation framework for protection effectiveness of these assets. The current elements and characteristics for effective protection are analyzed, along with an analysis of existing problems so as to construct a scientific approach to protect these assets. The influencing elements and characteristics for effective protection of nature asset reserves are included in an index evaluation system for effective protection in such areas, which contains four parts-target layer, evaluation criteria, evaluation indexes, and evaluation parameters-based on related documents and files. For the target layer, it includes nature asset evaluation and management evaluation. In the end, it is discussed how to build a comprehensive evaluation model and achieve an effective quantitative evaluation.     

利用激光雨滴谱仪检验消（减）雨作业效果

为了有效地检验人工影响效果,设计了地面火箭和飞机催化作业方案,分析了2009年秋季的雨滴谱观测资料。计算了火箭作业点相对于激光雨滴谱仪的距离和方位,为了便于实际作业指挥中的灵活应用,将结果标注在多普勒雷达的地图上。分析了10次降水过程共5338min的雨滴浓度资料。结果显示,秋季积层混合云的雨滴浓度小于500个的占87.6%,而大于3000个的浓度出现几率很低,不同过程雨滴浓度分布有明显差别;2009年10月16日降水过程出现最大雨滴浓度6003个,部分原因可能与火箭消减雨催化作业有关。     

测震台站综合防雷系统建设及效能评价

介绍雷害对测震台站的危害方式,总结测震台站的综合防雷基本措施,包括地网改造、配电防雷、信号与通信防雷、布线规划与整理,创新地提出特定条件下安装退耦器以提高防雷效果。通过对比计算台基噪声与观测系统标定结果,研究综合防雷系统接入测震台站观测系统后对数据质量的影响,以进行防雷效能评价。     

Sealing efficiency of caprocks: Experimental investigation of entry pressure measurement methods

Caprocks play a key role in hydrocarbon entrapment and in the geological storage of gas. Top seals inhibit vertical migration due to their low permeability and high entry pressure (PE). This study investigated four different techniques for measuring PE: (1) step by step method; (2) dynamic approach; (3) racking method; (4) residual pressure method. This article reports results on two samples: a carbonate (1.5 μDarcy (1.5 10⁻¹⁸ m²)) and a claystone (15 nDarcy (1.5 10⁻²⁰ m²)). On the carbonate sample, methods 1, 2 and 3 gave a PE value of 1.1 MPa, whilst method 4 gave a PE of 0.4 MPa. On the claystone sample, methods 1 and 2 gave a PE value around 12 MPa. The data allow us to consider best practices for PE measurements on caprocks. Methods 2 and 3 are the quickest and most accurate methods but show limitations in very low permeability porous media. Method 2 required three days to measure PE in the 15 nD claystone and experiments on 1 nD (10⁻²¹ m²) materials would take longer. Additional issues on mechanical stresses impact the result reliability since in methods 2 and 3 effective stress can significantly change during the experiment. Method 4 measures a snap-off pressure that is lower than the entry pressure value. Method 1 is a long experiment but is the most representative of in situ hydrocarbon migration though caprocks.     

含瓦斯气体地质条件下的泥水盾构施工

根据在含有瓦斯气体地质下施工的经验和教训,通过对所采取措施的分析,提出在含瓦斯气体地层中掘进施工合理建议。要求必须加强瓦斯气体检测,采取高稠度密封油脂用量、双液浆背填、加强通风等各种有效封堵措施保证施工安全。     

南海高压气田泥岩盖层封闭机制、封气能力及演化过程——以莺歌海盆地X13高压气田为例

近期在南海莺歌海盆地勘探发现了高压大气田和一批含气圈闭,随着勘探的深入,高压领域(高压区、高压层系)天然气规模成藏和气水分布的复杂性日益凸显。利用钻井、地震和分析测试资料,对莺歌海盆地X13高压气田上中新统黄流组一段泥岩盖层的封闭机制、封气能力进行了研究,认为泥岩盖层存在物性封闭和泥岩滞排超压封闭两种封闭机制,并建立了相应的封气能力评价方法。X13高压气田泥岩盖层封气能力形成时间约在6.1Ma;3.6Ma时,X13高压气田构造-岩性圈闭形成,这也是天然气成藏的早期,储层、泥岩盖层为常压,泥岩盖层以物性封闭为主,盖层的排替压力大于储层剩余压力,因而具备了封气能力;1.8~0Ma,是天然气晚期成藏时期,储层、盖层已发育超压,泥岩盖层既存在物性封闭,也存在泥岩滞排超压封闭,泥岩盖层的排替压力与滞排超压之和大于超压储层的剩余压力,其中滞排超压发挥了主要的封气作用。较之天然气成藏早期,成藏晚期的盖层泥岩具备更好的封气能力。提出了"中部滞排欠压实-底部畅排压实型盖层—大型储集体组合"的圈闭(带)是高压领域天然气成藏富集区,这一认识对南海高压领域天然气勘探具有指导意义。