Endogenous technological change and pollution abatement

Nonpoint source pollution control is a more complicated process than traditional analysis suggests. Whether a new pollution abatement technology is developed exogenously or endogenously and the per unit reduction in the rate at which a pollutant associated with the use of a factor of production needed to produce an agricultural commodity due to this technology enters the environment are critical factors in the determination of the effects of agricultural production on the pollutant stock. These are the issues addressed here. The optimal current period research and development expenditures on an endogenously induced abatement technology associated with the use of a factor of production giving rise to environmental externalities are shown to be a function of, among other things, the cumulation of all research and development expenditures, the probability of an abatement technology being developed, the level of use of the factor of production, the unit pollution tax on the factor, the rate of time preference (discount rate), the rate at which the pollutant associated with the factor enters the environment, the rate of discharge of the pollutant stock, and so forth. Finally, the analysis demonstrates that a reduction in pollution by the adoption of an abatement technology may lead to an increase in the pollutant stock as a result of endogenous technological change associated with the pollution abatement. When the rate of pollution reduction is greater than a threshold, however, the adoption of an endogenously determined abatement technology will unequivocally lead to a reduction in the pollutant stock.The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the policies of the US Department of Agriculture or the views of other US Department of Agriculture staff members.     

中国现代地质钻探技术

中国幅吊辽阔，矿产富饶。中国钻探历史悠久。４０余年来中国地质钻探在矿产、能源与水资源勘查以及工程勘察与建设中作出了卓越贡献。中国现代地质钻探技术正步入世界先进行列，其应用领域日益宽广。     

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE VARIATION FEATURES OF GRAIN YIELD OF CHINA IN RECENT 40 YEARS

ThespatialdistriblltionofcropcultivatedinChina,especiallyofcroptyPes,vanetiesandcroppingsystems,lspnnclpallydeterm1nedbyclimaticcondltions,andarelatlvestableconcentratedroponaldistributionpattemhasbeenformedinrecat4Oyears.Temporally,cropWeldshowsanincrementaltrendandanoscillationpattenlonlargeandmesialtimescalesbecauseoftheianuenceofagnculturaltechnologyandsoclalfaCtors,respeCtively.ThesharPvariationofaghculturalproduCtsinquantityandqualityfromyeartoyearispnnc1pallycausedbyclimate.This,onth…     

生态经济型防风治沙体系优化配置技术规程研究

通过对景电灌区农林业生产状况、自然环境条件、以及风沙危害程度的实地调查，应用系统工程学和生态经济学原理，研究提出：景电灌区防风治沙工作应该走系统工程和生态经济相结合的道路，以封沙育林草为主导措施发展沙区自然植被系统，进一步建立和健全工程治沙系统，并营造和发展人工生态经济型林草植被系统。通过这三大子系统的合理搭配和联合交互作用，使新灌区形成新型的生态经济型防风治沙体系。文章就该体系的合理配置问题及建设技术规程进行了论述     

The World Wide Web and university education in remote sensing

The World Wide Web (YAW) has a potential for improving university education in remote sensing, as the WWW technology may be applied in a way which reduces the amount of resources which are needed to achieve a certain educational objective. The paper presents a survey of this new technology. The main components of the WWW technology are outlined. Reference is made to information resources which are available through the WWW which relates to remote sensing. The technology can be applied not only by individual staff members, but, also, according to decision at the departmental or faculty level. The use of information technology for education is a research field in its own right. This research field is presented as a basis for suggestion of decision issues and decision criteria regarding the use of the WWW for education in remote sensing. The paper may have an European bias.     

遥感技术在内蒙古苏尼特左旗1：5万区调中的应用

本文阐述了遥感技术应用于内蒙古苏尼特左旗１：５万区域地质调查工作中的任务、工作程序、工作方法与内容，介绍了遥感解译程度划分方案、解译分区依据及野外路线配置布署意见，以及微机图像和图形处理、人机对话解译、机助制图在１：５万区调中的作用，总结了遥感技术在减轻野外工作强度、提高图幅质量方面的效果，提出了遥感技术应用于常规１：５万区域地质调查的工作建议。     

Rural women and technology in South Africa: Case studies from KwaZulu-Natal Province

This article contributes to a greater understanding of the linkages between women's roles, responsibilities and their use of technology in poor rural communities. The ways in which poor rural women conceptualize technology is examined. Furthermore, how they use their knowledge and skills to develop, modify and adapt the techniques and technical processes in which they are involved are also explored. Additionally, the links between indigenous and modern technologies in relation to gender considerations in poor rural contexts are examined. This article draws from findings of primary research undertaken in two marginalized rural communities in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. The study reveals that the use of technologies are highly gendered and differentiated among women. Poor rural women utilize a range of technologies in both productive and reproductive activities which are central to their livelihood strategies, especially at the household level. Furthermore, although women are adapting and innovating technologies their expertise remains largely unrecognized. A range of problems and constraints exist which limit women's access to and use of technologies. A key tension identified in the study is that between the use of locally-based, indigenous technologies and modern, external technologies. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

花岗岩中熔融包裹体恢复均匀化后探针片的磨制工艺

针对磨制样品十分细小和较薄等特点，采用如下三个步骤磨制：①以加热过的细小样品为中心创建一磨制平面；②将样品周围的岩石薄块磨至接近细小样品的相同厚度；③在抛光机上抛光，使包裹体完全露出表面。文中还介绍了样品磨毛后观察其中包裹体的方法以及包裹体完全磨出表面后的若干识别标志。     

土石混填路基修筑技术研究综述

土石混合料作为一种填料，越来越广泛地被应用于工程实践，尤其是公路路基工程中．国内外学者对土石混合料的物理力学性质、压实特性和土石混合路基修筑技术已进行了大量的研究，但由于这些研究尚处于初级阶段，因而，仍不能满足工程实践的需要。笔者对不同石质类型、不同比例土石混合料的物理力学性质，土石混合料的分类、工程分级和性能评价，土石混填路基的均匀性及其强度与变形规律，土石混填路基的设计理论和设计方法，土石混填路基施工工艺及质量控制方法等方面进行深入系统的分析。提出了目前研究存在的问题及其解决的初步方法。