Palaeo‐climate controlled diagenesis of the Westphalian C & D fluvial sandstones in the Campine Basin (north‐east Belgium)

The Westphalian C and D fluvial sandstones in the Campine Basin (north‐east Belgium) are potential reservoirs for the sequestration of CO₂ and interesting analogues of the hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Southern North Sea. Although these sandstones were deposited in a relatively short period of time, their reservoir properties and mineralogical compositions are very different. A petrographic study complemented with stable isotope analyses, fluid inclusion microthermometry and X‐ray diffraction analyses of the clay fractions of the sandstones, which were sampled from deep boreholes (>1000 m) in the Campine Basin, revealed that these differences are related mainly to the climate at the time of deposition. The most important eogenetic processes affecting the Westphalian sandstones were the generation of a pseudomatrix by physical compaction of Al‐silicates and lithic fragments that were strongly altered by extensive meteoric leaching, kaolinitization of unstable silicates and precipitation of siderite. These processes had a detrimental influence on the reservoir properties of Westphalian C sandstones, but their impact on the Westphalian D sandstones was minimal. The difference is assumed to be related to the climate at the time of deposition, which changed from tropical humid in the Westphalian C to semi‐arid/arid during the Late Westphalian D. Both the Westphalian C and D sandstones were affected by similar mesogenetic processes. Mesogenetic quartz cementation resulted from chemical compaction and illitization of kaolinite, K‐feldspar and smectitic clays. Illitization of kaolinite was controlled by the available quantities of co‐existing kaolinite and K‐feldspar and mainly affected the Westphalian D sandstones. Illitization of K‐feldspar was controlled by the K‐feldspar content. It had a much larger impact on the reservoir properties of the Westphalian D as, in these sandstones, K‐feldspar was less affected by eogenetic alteration. The illitization of smectitic clays resulted in illite, quartz and ankerite cementation in both reservoirs. This process had a more important impact on the Westphalian C reservoir, since cementation here also resulted from smectite to illite conversion in the interbedded and underlying shales. The effect of mesogenetic alterations on the reservoir properties was much less drastic than the impact of eodiagenesis. Mesogenetic alterations do exert a significant control on the properties of the Westphalian D. The vast impact of eodiagenesis on the Westphalian C sandstones made them less susceptible to mesogenetic alteration. The effect of telogenetic processes on the porosity and permeability of the Westphalian sandstones was small and restricted to the top reservoir intervals that directly underlie the Cimmerian Unconformity. No significant telogenetic alterations related to the Variscan Unconformity were observed.     

剥蚀减压过程中的砂体回弹作用及其成藏效应研究综述

众多的实例研究表明,地层抬升剥蚀与地层低压的发育存在明显的正相关关系.地层抬升剥蚀过程中发生的物理变化,如流体向下倾方向泄漏、流体因温度降低而收缩,下伏砂体因卸载而回弹都倾向于形成地层低压.物理模拟实验结果表明砂体回弹量最大可超过1%,它对地层低压形成的贡献远远大于其他因素,砂体回弹泵吸抽拉成藏是一种新的成藏机理.要深入探讨砂体回弹对油气成藏的贡献,还必须开展以下工作:①弄清砂岩和泥岩回弹量的差异性;②建立岩石回弹和地层压力变化的直接定量关系;③研究低压形成过程中的油水运移状态;④定量评价砂体回弹对油气成藏的贡献.物理模拟实验将是开展这些工作不可或缺的手段.     

滇西北兰坪地区金顶超大型铅锌矿床架崖山-北厂矿段岩石地层特征

详细描述了滇西北兰坪金顶矿区架崖山-北厂主矿段露采剖面的岩石地层学特征。架崖山-北厂矿段出露正常沉积岩和非正常沉积岩两大岩石系列,分别由灰白色白云质灰岩、黑色泥晶灰岩、青灰色泥灰岩、杂色泥质粉砂岩、砖红色粉砂岩、红色膏溶角砾岩和浅灰色钙质砂岩、灰褐色灰岩角砾岩、杂色垮塌角砾岩组成。空间上以非正常沉积岩系列灰褐色灰岩角砾岩和浅灰色钙质砂岩为中心,正常沉积岩系列灰白色白云质灰岩、黑色泥晶灰岩、杂色泥质粉砂岩、青灰色泥灰岩和红色膏溶角砾岩分布于其周围。灰褐色灰岩角砾岩和浅灰色钙质砂岩构成了金顶矿区的2种主要矿石类型,二者空间上密切共生,近直立的灰岩角砾岩分布于近水平的钙质砂岩层的下部,构成似“蘑菇”状的几何形态。架崖山-北厂矿段岩石地层学的特征揭示了兰坪金顶铅锌矿泥底辟机制的成因特点,为矿区勘查和外围寻找金顶式矿床提供了新恩路。     

真实砂岩微观模型实验在白豹地区长4+5砂岩微观非均质性研究中的应用

油气储层的微观非均质性特征是储层地质学研究的重要内容之一.通过真实砂岩微观模型实验,分析了鄂尔多斯盆地白豹地区长4 5储层的微观非均质性特征,发现该区长4 5储层为致密型砂岩,真实砂岩微观模型实验直观地显示出长4 5储层具有很强的微观非均质性,砂岩的成岩作用和孔隙结构是影响本区长4 5储层微观非均质性的主要原因.在低渗透砂岩中,溶蚀作用引起砂岩产生强烈的非均质性,而这些砂岩则形成长4 5储层的高渗带.     

翁嘎科金矿矿床成因及找矿标志

金矿赋存在西盟群王雅组第四段第一、二亚段地层和次级断裂裂隙中。从地质特征、矿体赋存状态、矿石特征等判断,矿床成因类型为热液充填交代型。而北东向区域断裂中,可能找到新的矿体。     

束鹿凹陷古近系沙三下段沉积相特征研究

本文通过岩相特征、沉积构造特征、化石及地球化学特征,对束鹿凹陷古近系沙三下段的总体沉积特征进行了概述,将研究区的沉积相类型定为湖泊相。通过对研究区沉积微相的详细分析,认为厚层块状砂砾岩主要发育贫基质的碎屑流沉积,浊流沉积及颗粒流沉积少见;泥灰岩主要发育具有复杂沉积模式的混合沉积,细分为互层混合沉积、结构混合沉积和夹层混合沉积三种类型。通过对沉积相的平面展布特征的研究表明,研究区是以碎屑流沉积和混合沉积为主体的半深湖-深湖沉积体系。     

特低渗透砂岩储层微观孔隙结构分类评价

基于特低渗透砂岩储层岩心样品的高压压汞测试技术,定义退汞饱和度参数（SE）。以退汞效率（Ew）与退汞饱和度（SE）的乘积作为储层微观孔隙结构分类评价的参数指标,即储层孔隙结构综合评价参数（E）,对鄂尔多斯盆地延长组3个特低渗透砂岩储层区块进行分类评价,分类结果与油田实际开发生产特征吻合较好。根据汞退出的难易程度,分析认为中、高渗透储层加大注水压差可提高水驱采收率,而特低渗透储层注水开发保持较低的注水速度,有利于提高开发效果。     

关于衢州古城墙通仙门凝灰岩砌块相对风化速度的研究

岩石风化速度历来受到工程地质学界和地貌学界的关注, 但由于岩石在自然条件下的风化速度很慢, 通常很难测到定量化的结果。为了研究衢州古城通仙门城台基座的凝灰岩砌块的相对风化速度, 作者利用与之相邻的石英砂岩水平砌块和它之间风化厚度的比较来估算凝灰岩相对于石英砂岩自明代筑城开始至今的相对风化速度, 得出平均风化速度为0.086mmA-1的结论。     

太平矿暗斜井充水水源分析

在综合分析太平煤矿井水文地质条件、出水点岩性特征的基础上,通过钻孔探放、水样化验资料的对比分析,认为该矿＋700水平胶带暗斜井的间接充水水源可能来自摩梭河;基于涌水点位置与出水量,以及瞬变电磁法确定的巷道前方富水区域情况,确定了采用浅层注浆法封堵的治水方案。     

Hydrocarbon accumulation model for Neogene traps in the Chengdao area,Bohai Bay Basin,China

Chengdao is an offshore area in the Bohai Bay Basin that contains approximately 25.7 × 10⁸ bbl of oil and gas reserves within the sandstone reservoirs in Neogene strata. However, previous predictions of hydrocarbon accumulation in Neogene traps are inaccurate, resulting in a current failure rate of 50% when drilling for hydrocarbons in this area. To build an improved exploration model for Neogene traps, we select 92 traps from Neogene strata in the Chengdao area to quantify the filling degree, which is an indicator of hydrocarbon accumulation efficiency. The quantified filling degree is based on actual geological and exploration data and differs significantly among various trap types. The filling degree of traps also varies significantly with their structural locations and decreases generally from the northwest to the southeast along the Chengbei Fault zone. Vertically, the filling degree is highly heterogeneous, initially increasing from the bottom to the middle of Neogene strata and then decreasing towards the top of the strata. These Neogene hydrocarbon reservoirs are sourced from the Paleogene, and as they lay vertically away from the source rocks, their hydrocarbon enrichment is constrained largely by hydrocarbon migration distance and vertical migration pathways. The sealing capacity of faults and cap rocks, sandbody orientation and reservoir sedimentary facies determine the maximum column height, which in turn affects the amount of hydrocarbon accumulation within these traps. A scatter plot analysis of individual controls and volumetric filling for each trap type is compiled using multivariate linear regression analysis to quantify controls and the dominant control of hydrocarbon accumulation is determined.