扬子克拉通前寒武纪基底对中生代大面积低温成矿的制约

大面积低温成矿主要见于扬子克拉通和美国中西部,且扬子克拉通比美国中西部具有更多的矿床类型,在全球极具特色,是建立大面积低温成矿理论的理想区域。前人对扬子克拉通中生代大面积低温矿作用进行了较系统的研究,在矿床地质特征、矿床物质组成、成矿流体特征、成矿时代和成矿动力学背景等方面,已取得重要进展。进一步的研究表明,扬子低温成矿域不同矿种的矿床组合(Pb-Zn、Au-Hg-Sb-As、Au-Sb等)在地理位置上是分区产出的,而这种不同矿床组合的分区对应着不同类型的前寒武纪基底。初步证据显示,扬子克拉通前寒武纪基底(含寒武纪)富含低温成矿元素,深循环流体浸取基底岩石中的成矿元素发生了大面积低温成矿,而基底岩石成矿元素组成的空间不均一分布则控制了不同区域矿床组合的差异。应指出的是,由于成矿金属元素来源示踪的复杂性,大面积低温成矿的物质基础尚需更系统的研究进一步证实。     

广西猫儿山花岗岩及其相邻基底地层岩石地球化学特征与成矿潜力

通过对猫儿山花岗岩及其相邻基底地层进行地球化学与成矿潜力研究,发现猫儿山花岗岩具有高硅（SiO₂=67.61%~83.16%）、富钾（K₂O=3.75%~6.28%）、富铁（FeO^T=1.85%~5.38%）、贫钠（Na₂O=0.08%~3.06%）、贫镁（MgO=0.14%~1.28%）、过铝质（A/CNK的平均值为1.49）的特征,稀土元素总量较高,轻稀土富集,Eu显示负异常（δEu=0.15~0.46）,为主要形成于后造山构造环境的强过铝质S型花岗岩。同时,猫儿山花岗岩及其相邻基底地层的元素组合、烃类组分具有继承性关系,花岗岩主要来源于基底地层的部分熔融,W、Sn、Bi具备良好的成矿潜力。换言之,基底地层不仅为大规模的岩浆活动提供了物质基础,同时也为花岗岩浆进一步分异形成钨锡多金属矿化（矿床）提供了成矿物质来源。     

四川盆地南部地震区发震构造及其新构造背景

近10年以来,在四川盆地南部的川黔滇交界地区发生了一系列中、强地震,其发震机理引起了广泛的关注和讨论。本文基于历史地震震中分布和区域活动断裂构造编图,发现四川盆地南部地震主要集中在4个地震亚区,分别为马边—永善、鲁甸、长宁和自贡—荣昌等地震亚区,华蓥山断裂带西南段是其中一条重要的地震构造边界带。通过综合分析主、余震分布特征、震源深度和震源机制解等资料,认为该地震区存在2类发震断层,其中马边—永善、鲁甸、长宁地震亚区以基底断层走滑型或走滑逆冲型地震为主,而自贡—荣昌亚区则以浅层滑脱断层逆冲型地震为主。区域挤压应力方向从WNW ESE向至ENE WSW向。双震型地震频发,一次走滑地震往往会触发一组共轭基底断层的同时活动。这些地震构造特征表明它们不同于盆地西缘的龙门山—岷山逆冲走滑型地震构造带,也不同于鲜水河—安宁河—小江走滑型地震构造带,属于一个新生的克拉通地震构造区,因西南扬子地块遭受青藏高原的向东推挤和压迫,构造应力通过“大凉山地块”传递并作用到四川盆地南部,导致扬子地块的断块型结构及其基底断层的逆冲走滑活动,进而主导了该地区的一系列中、强地震的破裂事件。     

Coeval deposition of transgressive and normal regressive stratal packages in a structurally controlled area of the Viking Formation,central Alberta,Canada

Variability in accommodation and sedimentation rates within a basin generates significant deviations in the along-strike stratal stacking patterns of systems tracts. This variability can lead to coeval depositional units that record the juxtaposition of transgressive (retrogradational) and regressive (progradational) stratal stacking patterns. In scenarios where transgressive and regressive units are deposited concurrently, challenges arise when attempting to correlate and place systems tracts into a sequence stratigraphic framework. In these scenarios, the maximum flooding surface records a high level of diachroneity, with the position of the surface variable throughout the stratigraphic column. In this study, Viking Formation (late Albian) deposits in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, central Alberta, Canada, preserve significant along-strike variability of palaeoshorelines that developed in response to autogenic processes as well as allogenic controls that were active during deposition. Specifically, structural reactivation of Precambrian basement structures during Viking deposition led to significant variability in depositional environments along the palaeoshoreline. The incremental basement reactivation of the Precambrian Snowbird Tectonic Zone influenced sedimentation patterns and the creation of anomalous zones of accommodation in localized areas of the basin. Across fault boundaries and within the anomalously thick strata, both progradational and retrogradational stacking patterns occur within broadly contemporaneous deposits, complicating the correlation of stratigraphic units. While the concomitant deposition of transgressive and regressive units has been documented in a number of modern marine analogues, the concept is rarely applied to ancient successions. By identifying along-strike variabilities in shoreline geometries and incorporating the autogenic and allogenic controls that were active during deposition, a more accurate sequence stratigraphic framework can be proposed.     

琼西北地区的基底速度图象

利用人工地震测深纵剖面和非纵剖面的资料,对琼西北地区P_g波的走时进行了层析反演,对比了代数重建法和同时迭代重建法的效果.综合了纵剖面的模型后,在三维弯曲界面上重建了基底速度图象,探讨了用射线椭圆评价分辨的途径. 层析成象结果给出了许多有价值的信息,揭示琼西北的结晶基底存在三条北东向断裂和两条北西向断裂,后者是继承性的活动断裂,控制着新生代次级断块的发展与火山活动.地表所推断的东西向王五-文教深大断裂,在该处只呈断续隐伏状显示.该区的基底存在儋县、临高和光村三个高速区,主要反映着基性岩体或花岗侵入体.基底整体性最好的是在儋县-王五地区,破碎程度最严重的是在王五-中和-光村以西的地区.     

High-pressure metamorphic rocks in the Borborema Province,Northeast Brazil: Reworking of Archean oceanic crust during proterozoic orogenies

We present the first evidence of Archean oceanic crust submitted to Proterozoic high-pressure (HP) metamorphism in the South American Platform. Sm–Nd and Lu–Hf isotopic data combined with U–Pb geochronological data from the Campo Grande area, Rio Grande do Norte domain, in the Northern Borborema Province, reflect a complex Archean (2.9 ​Ga and 2.6 ​Ga) and Paleoproterozoic (2.0 ​Ga) evolution, culminating in the Neoproterozoic Brasiliano/Pan-African orogeny (ca. 600 Ma). The preserved mafic rocks contain massive poikiloblastic garnet and granoblastic amphibole with variable proportions of plagioclase ​+ ​diopside in symplectitic texture, typical of high-pressure rocks. These clinopyroxene-garnet amphibolites and the more common garnet amphibolites from the Campo Grande area are exposed as rare lenses within an Archean migmatite complex. The amphibolite lenses represent 2.65 ​Ga juvenile tholeiitic magmatism derived from depleted mantle sources (positive ε_Hf(t) values of +3.81 to +30.66) later enriched by mantle metasomatism (negative ε_Nd(t) values of –7.97). Chondrite and Primitive Mantle-normalized REE of analyzed samples and discriminant diagrams define two different oceanic affinities, with E-MORB and OIB signature. Negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu1 ​= ​0.75–0.95) indicate depletion of plagioclase in the source. Inherited zircon cores of 3.0–2.9 ​Ga in analyzed samples indicate that the Neoarchean tholeiitic magmatism was emplaced into 2923 ​± ​14 ​Ma old Mesoarchean crust (ε_Nd(t) ​= ​–2.58 and Nd T_DM ​= ​3.2 ​Ga) of the Rio Grande do Norte domain. The age of retro-eclogite facies metamorphism is not yet completely understood. We suggest that two high-grade metamorphic events are recognized in the mafic rocks: the first at 2.0 ​Ga, recorded in some samples, and the second, at ca. 600 Ma, stronger and more pervasive and recorded in several of the mafic rock samples. The Neoproterozoic zircon grains are found in symplectite texture as inclusions in the garnet grains and represent the age of HP conditions in the area. These zircon grains show a younger cluster of concordant analyses between 623 ​± ​3 ​Ma and 592 ​± ​5 ​Ma with ε_Hf(t) values of +0.74 to –65.88. Thus, the Campo Grande rock assemblage is composed of Archean units that were amalgamated to West Gondwana during Neoproterozoic Brasiliano orogeny continent-continent collision and crustal reworking.     

Mapping of magnetic basement in Central India from aeromagnetic data for scaling geology

The Central Indian region has a complex geology covering the Godavari Graben, the Bastar Craton (including the Chhattisgarh Basin), the Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt, the Mahanadi Graben and some part of the Deccan Trap, the northern Singhbhum Orogen and the eastern Dharwar Craton. The region is well covered by reconnaissance‐scale aeromagnetic data, analysed for the estimation of basement and shallow anomalous magnetic sources depth using scaling spectral method. The shallow magnetic anomalies are found to vary from 1 to 3 km, whereas magnetic basement depth values are found to vary from 2 to 7 km. The shallowest basement depth of 2 km corresponds to the Kanker granites, a part of the Bastar Craton, whereas the deepest basement depth of 7 km is for the Godavari Basin and the southeastern part of the Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt near the Parvatipuram Bobbili fault. The estimated basement depth values correlate well with the values found from earlier geophysical studies. The earlier geophysical studies are limited to few tectonic units, whereas our estimation provides detailed magnetic basement mapping in the region. The magnetic basement and shallow depth values in the region indicate complex tectonic, heterogeneity, and intrusive bodies at different depths, which can be attributed to different thermo‐tectonic processes since Precambrian.     

利用爆破地震揭示华北克拉通基底的高分辨速度结构——大丰—包头折射剖面的探测结果

大丰—包头剖面以"高密度观测点距与炮距"为特点,我们在1334 km测线上获得了21炮高信噪比的地震资料.在对Pg波震相特点分析基础上利用反演方法处理、构建了基底的精细结构图像,揭示了沿剖面不同构造地块基底结构的差异.苏北盆地基底埋深4.5~9.0 km、苏鲁隆起1.5~2.0 km,基底埋深与速度结构的强烈起伏变化可视其为华北与扬子板块碰撞、挤压构造环境下形成复杂的构造格局在地震学上的体现;鲁西隆起区基底埋深浅、速度高,结构稳定;华北盆地Pg波到时滞后、视速度低,基底埋深7.0~10.km,速度结构与基底面存在局部的起伏变化.诸多现象揭示出该区为新生代沉积巨厚、规模较大的基底坳陷区.同时在盆地内不同构造单元基底结构呈局部分块、凹陷与凸起并存的构造格局,显示出新生代沉积活动显著、变化强烈、结构不稳定的构造特点;太行山前断裂、聊兰断裂是具有显著地震学标志的断裂构造带,断裂两侧基底界面呈现出"断崖式塌陷"和速度结构的强烈横向非均匀性.综合研究认为,太行山前断裂是华北地区一条重要的构造带,它的复杂性不仅体现在两侧地形地貌、地层介质的截然不同,其基底埋深及速度结构、地壳及地幔岩石圈结构均存在显著的差异,其重要的标志是太行山以东不仅地壳厚度发生了相当规模的减薄,岩石圈的厚度也明显减薄,亦即形成了华北克拉.通破坏在东西部其基底一地壳一岩石圈的结构在空间上具有明显的差异性及强烈的横向非均匀性.     

宜宾-金川剖面地壳上部速度结构及构造含义

利用有限差分和时间项两种方法对宜宾-金川人工地震剖面沿线8炮Pg波走时进行反演,得到沿测线结晶基底起伏变化特征和上地壳顶部覆盖层速度分布变化特征。结果表明,剖面东南段四川盆地内基底埋深约3～5 km,覆盖层较厚,速度较低;剖面西北段川西高原内结晶基底埋藏深度逐渐减浅至0～3 km,覆盖层变薄,局部出露地表,速度大部分区段明显增大;沿剖面多个部位基底的埋深出现明显的隆起或下凹,上部地壳速度结构横向出现剧烈的上下起伏变化,结晶基底界面起伏变化强烈的位置分别与该地区分布的龙泉山断裂、名山-成都断裂以及龙门山地区的断裂构造有较好的对应关系,结晶基底速度结构和界面形态变化特征为该区活动断裂构造深浅耦合关系和强震孕育机制研究提供参考。     

由航磁异常判断准噶尔盆地基底性质

笔者分析了前人对准噶尔盆地基底性质进行地球物理研究的看法和依据 ,认为在准噶尔盆地下存在太古代或早元古代陆壳。文中研究了剩余磁化强度对准噶尔盆地航磁异常的影响 ,提出准噶尔地区以感应磁化强度影响为主。利用小波变换技术对航磁异常进行了分离 ,并在此基础上利用华北地台太古代陆壳的磁化强度值模拟了位于地壳深部的古老结晶基底的形态与产状。模拟结果表明 ,古老结晶基底为薄板状体 ,赋存于下地壳中。