Gold-Plationoid Mineralization of Metasomatically Altered Ultramafites in Precambrian Protrusions of Mamynsky Geoblok

On the contiguous territories of Russia and China, along the left and right banks of the Amur River (Heilongjiang Province of China, and Amur Oblast′ of Russia), several Precambrian protrusions (Gonzhinsk, Mamynsk, Amurkhe, and Khumakhe) are known. On the Russian territory, along the setting and on the area of the protrusions, lode manifestations, precious-metal deposits, and gold-platinoid placers are known having the industrial imponance. Ultramafites are metasomatically altered more likely by the action of the kate Paleozoic intrusions and produced by them hydrothermae, and are transformed into listvenites. It can be concluded that as one of the sources of precious metals in the placers were the aureoles of listvenitization. This is evidenced by the presence of talc (typomorphic mineral of apoultrabasites) inclusions together with Pt-, Pd- and Ir-bearing gold in the corrosive coatings of the primary platinoids. This conclusion requires the revision of the work strategy of prospecting the lode gold and PGE manifestations within the ore-placer node because apoultrabasites before were considered non-promising for precious metals.     

早前寒武纪硫铁矿矿床Fe同位素特征及其地质意义——以山东石河庄和河北大川为例

报道了山东石河庄和河北大川地区前寒武纪层状硫化物矿床中黄铁矿单矿物的Fe同位素组成.相对于标准物质IRMM-014,大川黄铁矿的ε575Fe为-38.8～-13.1,石河庄黄铁矿的ε57Fe为-39.4～-15.1,表明形成这两个层状硫化物矿床的新元古代海水富集Fe的轻同位素.世界不同地区新太古代黑色页岩中的黄铁矿的Fe同位素组成与华北两个硫铁矿矿床的Fe同位素特征基本一致,暗示新太古代海洋富集Fe的轻同位素可能是全球现象.导致早前寒武纪海洋富集Fe轻同位素的原因是海水中大量的Fe被氧化形成了富集Fe重同位素的磁铁矿和赤铁矿.     

再论我国早前寒武纪地层研究的新进展

"我国早前寒武纪地层研究的主要新进展"一文发表以来,早前寒武纪地层研究又取得了不少新进展,有必要再作若干新的补充,主要包括以下12个方面:辽北新太古代建平群中大营子组的解体和建平岩群的重组、山东中太古代唐家庄岩群的建立和新太古代胶东岩群的重新厘定、内蒙古新太古代原色尔腾山岩群的解体与重组、康定岩群的解体与取消、中祁连地块湟源群形成时代的重新厘定、辽宁浑南岩群时代的修正、福建麻源群的形成时代、辽河群亚群的建立和底界同位素年龄、金水口岩群的形成时代和变质时代、甘肃北大河岩群的年龄新资料、内蒙古—河北北部一带的化德群的岩组和时代的重新厘定、两个新的古元古代岩群的初步建立(西藏察隅德玛拉岩群和新疆古元古代喀拉喀什岩群的建立)。     

阿尔金构造带西段前寒武纪花岗质片麻岩的地球化学特征及其构造背景

阿尔金构造带西段花岗质片麻岩侵入到下元古界阿尔金群和长城系巴什库尔干群、蓟县系塔昔达坂群中,主要由黑云二长—钾长花岗质片麻岩组成。其主量元素特征表明,岩石具有富硅和富铝的特征,w(Al2O3)、w(TFeO)、w(TiO2)、w(MgO)、w(CaO)、w(P2O5)与w(SiO2)呈明显的负相关关系,而w(K2O)与w(SiO2)呈正相关关系,反映它们为同来源和同时代的产物。其w(K2O)/w(Na2O)=1.16～2.65,A/NCK大部分为1.05～1.18,里特曼指数δ=1.31～2.01,表明属高钾钙碱性系列。其稀土元素球粒陨石标准化曲线总体呈右倾斜的"V"型特点;洋中脊花岗岩(ORG)标准化蛛网图上显示出强烈富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Th),而高场强元素Hf、Ta、Nb和Zr则具不同程度的贫化现象,显示出同碰撞花岗岩的特征;在R1-R2构造环境判别图上样品点落于同碰撞花岗岩区。其Rb-Sr全岩等时线年龄为(1035±77)Ma,表明阿尔金山地区存在有1000Ma左右格林威尔(Grenville)期碰撞造山作用的岩浆活动记录,说明塔里木板块和柴达木微板块之间在新元古代早期曾经存在板块的汇聚碰撞,这对于研究阿尔金地区乃至整个西北地区中元古代到新元古代的构造演化具有重要的意义。     

辽宁早前寒武纪变质岩元素地球化学特征及富集模式

早前寒武纪变质岩系是辽宁地区古老变质岩系的重要组成部分,变质程度高于绿片岩相,局部可达麻粒岩相.通过研究辽宁早前寒武纪变质岩系元素地球化学特征,计算了辽宁地区早前寒武纪变质岩系元素原始浓集系数,建立了不同构造单元和地层单元元素的原始浓集模型.     

Molecular Evidence for Primary Producers and Paleo-environmental Conditions in Mesoproterozoic in the Xuanlong Depression in North China

The molecular organic compounds have been identified by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) from Mesoproterozoic rocks in the Xuanlong depression in North China. The main saturated compounds are n-alkanes, monomethylalkanes, n-alkylcyclohexanes, acyclic isoprenoids, and hopanes. The dominant lower-molecular-weight n-alkanes are indicative of the main contribution of microorganisms, in particular, the chemosynthetic bacteria. The presence of abundant monomethylalkanes (mid- and end-branched) and the long chained (>C₂₀) acyclic isoprenoids indicates the existence of abundant bacteria and/or archaea in ancient oceans. The low abundance of pristane and phytane is suggestive of the relatively low abundance of photosynthetic autotrophs in comparison with chemosynthetic bacteria in the Mesoproterozoic oceans in North China. The sedimentary environmental condition is suboxic/anoxic, as indicated by the low value of the Pr/Ph ratio as well as the presence of abundant sulfur-bearing organic compounds, consistent with the other geochemical data in North China and elsewhere in the world. Both the composition of the primary producers and the sedimentary environmental conditions are favorable for the formation of hydrocarbon source rocks.     

Recent crustal uplift of Precambrian cratons: Key patterns and possible mechanisms

Precambrian cratons cover about 70% of the total continental area. According to a large volume of geomorphological, geological, paleontological, and other data for the Pliocene and Pleistocene, these cratons have experienced a crustal uplift from 100-200 m to 1000-1500 m, commonly called the recent or Neotectonic uplift. Shortening of the Precambrian crust terminated half a billion years ago or earlier, and its uplift could not have been produced by this mechanism. According to the main models of dynamic topography in the mantle, the distribution of displacements at the surface is quite different from that of the Neotectonic movements. According to seismic data, there is no magmatic underplating beneath most of the Precambrian cratons. In most of cratonic areas, the mantle lithosphere is very thick, which makes its recent delamination unlikely. Asthenospheric replacement of the lower part of the mantle lithosphere beneath the Precambrian cratons might have produced only a minor part of their Neotectonic uplifts. Since the above mechanisms cannot explain this phenomenon, the rock expansion in the crustal layer is supposed to be the main cause of the recent uplift of Precambrian cratons. This is supported by the strong lateral nonuniformity of the uplift, which indicates that expansion of rocks took place at a shallow depth. Expansion might have occurred in crustal rocks that emerged from the lower crust into the middle crust with lower pressure and temperature after the denudation of a thick layer of surface rocks. In the dry state, these rocks can remain metastable for a long time. However, rapid metamorphism accompanied by expansion of rocks can be caused by infiltration of hydrous fluids from the mantle. Analysis of phase diagrams for common crustal rocks demonstrates that this mechanism can explain the recent crustal uplift of Precambrian cratons.     

乌什-阿克苏地区新元古代蓝片岩地体构造变形特征

乌什-阿克苏地区位于塔里木克拉通西北缘,发育有世界上为数不多的且保存较为完整的典型前寒武纪蓝片岩地体.根据前人的研究,阿克苏地区的蓝片岩地体在俯冲、折返和折返后的过程中共经历了四个期次的变形,但是对于乌什地区的蓝片岩地体的构造变形特征研究目前仍为空白.本文通过对乌什与阿克苏地区的蓝片岩地体的构造变形特征进行系统的野外观察测量和室内分析对比,发现两个地区的蓝片岩地体的构造变形特征基本相似,均可以划分为四个变形期次,但各期次变形在一些细节特征上存在一定的差异.同时,结合前人最新的年代学数据,本文对乌什-阿克苏地区蓝片岩地体构造变形期次的年代学框架进行了初步限定.其中,第一期次的变形时间约为754～750 Ma,与高压低温相的变质作用紧密相关,是蓝片岩地体俯冲的结果;第二期次变形的时间略晚于第一期变形,其形成应该与蓝片岩地体的折返过程紧密相关;第三期次变形早于基性岩墙的侵入,而晚于第二期变形,即在约750～745 Ma之间,是环Rodinia俯冲体系作用下塔里木克拉通北缘最后俯冲的结果;第四期次变形涉及到的最年轻地层为二叠系,可能与古天山洋关闭或中新生代的不同陆块碰撞增生到亚洲板块南部边缘有关.     

四川盆地深层前寒武系天然气超晚期成藏及勘探意义

深层—超深层古老地层越来越成为油气勘探主战场,然而,该领域天然气组成极为简单,缺乏有效的直接判识手段,导致来源研究困难.四川盆地安岳震旦系—寒武系已探明万亿立方米大气田,因储层内广布沥青,勘探家普遍认为"天然气为古油藏裂解并就近聚集",因此,寻找古油藏区就成了指导四川深层天然气勘探的重要方针.但这种观点无法从科学角度解释存在的一个悖论:天然气甲烷碳同位素重于储层沥青.本文通过安岳油气藏精细解析,发现储层内沥青两期成藏,早期沥青分布局限、丰度低、δ13C相对稍重(＞-33‰),对应正常油窗;晚期沥青分布广泛、丰度高、δ13C较轻(平均-35.4‰)、主成藏关键时刻应在埋藏温度达到160～180℃时,对应于凝析油气阶段,该凝析油主体应直接来源于干酪根成熟—高成熟阶段的裂解.从而解释了主体沥青与干酪根的同位素倒挂问题,证明同位素"DNA"示踪有效性.这意味着安岳气藏震旦系天然气(甲烷的δ13C值为-34％～-32‰)主体并非来自于原油的裂解,其主力应来自超晚期阶段筇竹寺页岩.因差异泄压、压差驱动天然气自筇竹寺组充注得以成藏.因此,天然气跟沥青无"母子"亲缘,而是"姊妹"关系.基于此,提出四川下组合勘探应跳出"古油气藏区找气"思维,跳出继承性古构造高部位找气的限制,应将现今源、储、盖配置作为一个系统,寻找喜马拉雅期之后具有较好保存条件、筇竹寺组源岩仍具有供气能力并跟源岩具有较好配置关系的碳酸盐储集体,这些可以是微裂缝发育的泥晶灰岩储层,也可以是不整合面之下储层及各种其他类型碳酸盐储集空间发育体.本项研究证实深层高温/高压环境下同位素分馏规律对示踪油气形成和成藏过程的有效性及重要性,揭示深层超深层领域物质循环、油气形成和演化过程.     

The ∼1100 Ma Sturgeon Falls paleosol revisited: Implications for Mesoproterozoic weathering environments and atmospheric CO2 levels

During the active rifting stage of the ∼1100 Ma Midcontinental Rift in North America, alluvial sediments were deposited intermittently between basalt flows on the north and south shores of present day Lake Superior. At times of depositional quiescence, paleosols developed in both areas on the alluvial sediments and on the antecedent basalt. New results from the Sturgeon Falls paleosol in Michigan characterizing the weathering processes at the time of its formation indicate moderate maturity, high degrees of hydrolysis and leaching, and a low degree of salinization. Geochemical provenance indices indicate a homogeneous source for the paleosols, and in contrast to earlier work, there is little evidence for K metasomatism. As a result, atmospheric CO₂ levels of 4–6× pre-industrial atmospheric levels were calculated using a mass-balance model. This result is consistent with previous calculations from nearly contemporaneous paleosols from the other side of the Keweenawan Rift and from the ∼100 Ma younger Sheigra paleosol in Scotland. The calculated CO₂ values are also consistent with the calculated weathering environment proxies that indicate weak to moderate weathering at this time frame and suggest that the higher greenhouse gas loads indicated by Paleoproterozoic paleosols had dissipated by the mid-late Mesoproterozoic.