Air–sea carbon dioxide fluxes in the coastal southeastern tropical Pacific

Comprehensive sea surface surveys of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO₂) have been made in the upwelling system of the coastal (0–200 km from shore) southeastern tropical Pacific since 2004. The shipboard data have been supplemented by mooring and drifter based observations. Air–sea flux estimates were made by combining satellite derived wind fields with the direct sea surface pCO₂ measurements. While there was considerable spatial heterogeneity, there was a significant flux of CO₂ from the ocean to the atmosphere during all survey periods in the region between 4° and 20° south latitude. During periods of strong upwelling the average flux out of the ocean exceeded 10 moles of CO₂ per square meter per year. During periods of weaker upwelling and high productivity the CO₂ evasion rate was near 2.5 mol/m²/yr. The average annual fluxes exceed 5 mol/m²/yr. These findings are in sharp contrast to results obtained in mid-latitude upwelling systems along the west coast of North America where the average air–sea CO₂ flux is low and can often be from the atmosphere into the ocean. In the Peruvian upwelling system there are several likely factors that contribute to sea surface pCO₂ levels that are well above those of the atmosphere in spite of elevated primary productivity: (1) the upwelling source waters contain little pre-formed nitrate and are affected by denitrification, (2) iron limitation of primary production enhanced by offshore upwelling driven by the curl of the wind stress and (3) rapid sea surface warming. The combined carbon, nutrient and oxygen dynamics of this region make it a candidate site for studies of global change.     

Trends in rainfall and temperature in the Peruvian Amazon–Andes basin over the last 40 years (1965–2007)

The hydroclimatology of the Peruvian Amazon–Andes basin (PAB) which surface corresponding to 7% of the Amazon basin is still poorly documented. We propose here an extended and original analysis of the temporal evolution of monthly rainfall, mean temperature (T_mean), maximum temperature (T_max) and minimum temperature (T_min) time series over two PABs (Huallaga and Ucayali) over the last 40 years. This analysis is based on a new and more complete database that includes 77 weather stations over the 1965–2007 period, and we focus our attention on both annual and seasonal meteorological time series. A positive significant trend in mean temperature of 0.09 °C per decade is detected over the region with similar values in the Andes and rainforest when considering average data. However, a high percentage of stations with significant T_mean positive trends are located over the Andes region. Finally, changes in the mean values occurred earlier in T_max (during the 1970s) than in T_min (during the 1980s). In the PAB, there is neither trend nor mean change in rainfall during the 1965–2007 period. However, annual, summer and autumn rainfall in the southern Andes presents an important interannual variability that is associated with the sea surface temperature in the tropical Atlantic Ocean while there are limited relationships between rainfall and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. On the contrary, the interannual temperature variability is mainly related to ENSO events. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling production of migratory catfish larvae (Pimelodidae) on the basis of regional hydro‐ climatology features of the Madre de Dios Basin in southeastern Peru

A simple stochastic model is presented to describe the influence of the natural flow regime of the Madre de Dios River (southeastern Peru) on the presence and downstream transportation of catfish larvae (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae), an important migratory species in commercial fisheries in the Peruvian Amazon region. One year of daily river stage records were related to weekly larval catches to determine the association between floods and spawning events, and based on the hydro‐climatologic characteristics of Andean‐Amazon regions, available long‐term historical rainfall records were used to determine the inter‐annual variability of floods within the Madre de Dios Basin. Major larval drift occurred during the high water season, specifically in association with stages of over 5 m, which served as an indicator triggering spawning responses of these species, termed a ‘biologically significant event’ (BSE). Timing of these BSEs, estimated from the historical rainfall records, described a uniform distribution during the wet season, and their inter‐arrival times were exponentially distributed. These observations provided the basis of the stochastic model describing the likelihood of larvae releases from this headwater region to the lowland Amazon. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用栖息地适宜指数分析秘鲁外海茎柔鱼渔场分布

根据2003—2007年秘鲁外海茎柔鱼渔获数据以及海洋环境数据 ,利用主成分分析法确定各环境因子的权重,分别采用权重求和法和几何平均法进行栖息地适宜指数(HSI)建模分析,选择最优模型进行实证分析,结果表明,权重最高的环境因子为SST,最小的为Chl-a浓度。HSI值较高的海区一般位于200海里专属经济区外附近海域。经统计比较,用权重求和法计算所得HSI值好于几何平均法。利用2008年茎柔鱼生产数据进行实证分析,产量和作业次数随HSI值升高而增加,权重求和法的HSI模型可用于茎柔鱼渔场的实时动态预报。分析还显示, HSI分布情况与研究海域的的海洋环境密切相关,HSI不小于0.8的海区一般处在水团交汇处。     

用解析延拓求取剩余磁异常来圈定浅部隐伏磁铁矿脉

剩余磁异常求取是一种对磁场强度进行化极,解析延拓后提取浅部磁性介质异常的高通滤波方法。对于处于强磁性围岩的磁铁矿脉来说,浅部磁铁矿脉的异常往往被大规模的磁性围岩所引起的异常所掩盖。磁场强度与场源到测点距离的平方(二度体)或者立方(三度体)成反比,进行向上延拓的时候,由浅部场源引起的高频异常衰减快,深部场源引起的低频异常衰减的慢,因此地面实测磁场去掉向上解析延拓后的磁场值,可突出反映近地表磁性体引起的高频异常。这里通过解析延拓求取剩余异常,实现浅部磁铁矿脉异常信息的提取,为寻找隐伏的磁铁矿脉提供依据。并且利用此方法在秘鲁共和国Morritos铁矿圈定隐伏磁铁矿脉,验证了剩余异常在大规模的高磁性围岩中寻找隐伏磁铁矿脉的应用效果。     

The persistence and role of basin structures on the 3D architecture of the Marañón Fold-Thrust Belt,Peru

The 3D architecture of fold-thrust belts commonly involves thin-skinned and thick-skinned deformation. Both thick- and thin-skinned deformation styles have been suggested to occur in the Marañón Fold-Thrust Belt (MFTB) in Peru, but the relative timing and strain partitioning associated with them are not well understood. We demonstrate that inherited basement structures along the Peruvian convergent margin reactivated during the evolution of the MFTB. We present results from field mapping, interpretation of remote sensing imagery, and cross section construction and restoration. The results show that the Chonta Fault, a median pre-folding basin normal fault, was inverted and acted as a mechanical buttress during initial east-vergent contraction of the fold-thrust belt. This fault separates the belt into two domains of distinctly different structural styles. During the Eocene, units to the west of the Chonta Fault deformed by folding, using the fault as a buttress, and subsequently propagated eastward by thin-skinned thrusting. This was followed in the Miocene by west-vergent, basement-involved deformation, which overprinted the earlier east-vergent, thin-skinned structures. The proposed tectonic model of the MFTB highlights the role of basement-fault reactivation during orogenesis and the involvement of deep structures in partitioning deformation styles.     

秘鲁南部Morrito铁矿矿体变化程度分析

Morrito铁矿严格受断裂构造控制,在空间上的厚度、品位有较大变化。利用统计学的方法,研究了矿脉厚度、品位的变化系数,对矿体的资源/储量估算及开采都有重要意义。对矿体厚度及品位变化系数的分析认为,矿体形态变化程度属"简单";矿体有用组分分布属"均匀";矿体倾向变化大于走向变化,并表现为不明显的方向性变化。     

秘鲁国金属矿成矿带

秘鲁国金属成矿带划分依据为秘鲁境内的主要断层系统、有利成矿作用的岩性及矿化年代、已发现226个矿床(点)的地质特征和空间分布,共划分为24个成矿带。本文对每个成矿带的名称、分布、控矿地层、构造、岩浆岩及成矿时间逐一进行论述,并列出成矿带里典型矿床名称、资源量及品位情况。     

秘鲁航磁特征及铁矿类型

为了解秘鲁国铁矿分布规律,对秘鲁22.5万km2的航磁资料进行了化极、延拓、求导等各种处理工作,通过分析已知铁矿的航磁异常,结合秘鲁区域地质构造以及秘鲁各地质年代地层及岩性特征,归纳得出与不同铁矿类型有关的磁异常类型。它们主要有:陆相火山喷溢型的铁矿异常;受断裂构造控制的与第三纪早、中期的火山喷发物质有关的磁异常区;第三纪早、中期的火山喷发物质掩盖区的磁异常;分布于海岸带内的正磁异常带;位于闪长岩体的岩浆期后热液脉状铁矿异常;矽卡岩型铁矿异常。这对认识安第斯山大地构造以及圈定有利的铁矿成矿靶区有一定的意义。