海洋表层流模式和月尺度海气耦合试验

本文第一部分设计了一个海洋表层流模式，较成功地模拟出冬夏季海表层中的大尺度洋流和海面高度第二部分是月时间尺度的海气耦合试验，将海表层洋流模式和球带范围的大气模式相耦合，用数值试验讨论了洋流和海气耦合方式对模拟结果的影响。     

大别造山带与郯庐断裂带壳、幔结构和陆内“俯冲”的耦合效应

地质学家基于岩石年代学、峰期变质的压力差和阿尔卑斯变质沉积岩中柯石英的发现，推断在大别造山带地区发现的柯石英和榴辉岩乃是地幔深处120km左右折返至地壳浅部的结果.为了提供大别造山带与郯庐断裂带地域的壳、幔深部结构与深层动力过程的定量判据，本文利用瑞利（Rayleigh）波的频散效应反演该区S波的三维群速度结构分布.研究结果表明：（1）该区存在一由东向西陆内俯冲的高速板舌，其下插深度仅达160 km.在秦岭—大别造山带地域上地幔70km深处存在一顶部宽约500km的低速地幔热点.（2）出露的含柯石英榴辉岩是大别造山带深部物质和能量的交换，郯庐断裂带强烈平移错动及板内俯冲效应共同作用导致的深部物质(上地幔)运移和动力学效应的综合产物.     

Very-low-temperature record of the subduction process: A review of worldwide lawsonite eclogites

Lawsonite eclogites preserve a record of very-low-temperature conditions in subduction zones. All occur at active margin settings, typically characterized by accretionary complexes lithologies and as tectonic blocks within serpentinite-matrix mélange. Peak lawsonite-eclogite facies mineral assemblages (garnet + omphacite + lawsonite + rutile) typically occur in prograde-zoned garnet porphyroblasts. Their matrix is commonly overprinted by higher-temperature epidote-bearing assemblages; greenschist- or amphibolite-facies conditions erase former lawsonite-eclogite relics. Various pseudomorphs after lawsonite occur, particularly in some blueschist/eclogite transitional facies rocks. Coesite-bearing lawsonite-eclogite xenoliths in kimberlitic pipes and lawsonite pseudomorphs in some relatively low-temperature ultrahigh-pressure eclogites are known. Using inclusion assemblages in garnet, lawsonite eclogites can be classified into two types: L-type, such as those from Guatemala and British Columbia, contain garnet porphyroblasts that grew only within the lawsonite stability field and E-type, such as from the Dominican Republic, record maximum temperature in the epidote-stability field.

Formation and preservation of lawsonite eclogites requires cold subduction to mantle depths and rapid exhumation. The earliest occurrences of lawsonite-eclogite facies mineral assemblages are Early Paleozoic in Spitsbergen and the New England fold belt of Australia; this suggests that since the Phanerozoic, secular cooling of Earth and subduction-zone thermal structures evolved the necessary high pressure/temperature conditions. Buoyancy of serpentinite and oblique convergence with a major strike-slip component may facilitate the exhumation of lawsonite eclogites from mantle depths.     

GPS-derived strain in northwestern California: Termination of the San Andreas fault system and convergence of the Sierra Nevada–Great Valley block contribute to southern Cascadia forearc contraction

GPS-derived velocities (1993–2002) in northwestern California show that processes other than subduction are in part accountable for observed upper-plate contraction north of the Mendocino triple junction (MTJ) region. After removing the component of elastic strain accumulation due to the Cascadia subduction zone from the station velocities, two additional processes account for accumulated strain in northern California. The first is the westward convergence of the Sierra Nevada–Great Valley (SNGV) block toward the coast and the second is the north–northwest impingement of the San Andreas fault system from the south on the northern California coastal region in the vicinity of Humboldt Bay. Sierra Nevada–Great Valley block motion is northwest toward the coast, convergent with the more northerly, north–northwest San Andreas transform fault-parallel motion. In addition to the westward-converging Sierra Nevada–Great Valley block, San Andreas transform-parallel shortening also occurs in the Humboldt Bay region. Approximately 22 mm/yr of distributed Pacific–SNGV motion is observed inland of Cape Mendocino across the northern projections of the Maacama and Bartlett Springs fault zones but station velocities decrease rapidly north of Cape Mendocino. The resultant 6–10 mm/yr of San Andreas fault-parallel shortening occurs above the southern edge of the subducted Gorda plate and at the latitude of Humboldt Bay. Part of the San Andreas fault-parallel shortening may be due to the viscous coupling of the southern edge of the Gorda plate to overlying North American plate. We conclude that significant portions of the upper-plate contraction observed north of the MTJ region are not solely a result of subduction of the Gorda plate but also a consequence of impingement of the western edge of the Sierra Nevada–Great Valley block and growth of the northernmost segments of the San Andreas fault system.     

Microseismic activity in the Hellenic Volcanic Arc, Greece, with emphasis on the seismotectonic setting of the Santorini–Amorgos zone

The volcanic arc of the Hellenic subduction zone with its four volcanic centers is of major relevance when evaluating the seismovolcanic hazard for the Aegean region. We present results from a 22-station temporary seismic network (CYCNET) in the central Hellenic Volcanic Arc (HVA). CYCNET recordings allow to analyze the level and spatio-temporal evolution of microseismic activity in this region for the first time. A total of 2175 events recorded between September 2002 and July 2004 are analyzed using statistical methods, cluster analysis and relative relocation techniques. We identify distinct regions with significantly varying spatio-temporal behavior of microseismicity. A large portion of the seismic activity within the upper crust is associated with the presence of islands representing horst structures that were generated during the major Oligocene extensional phase. In contrast, the central part of the Cyclades metamorphic core complex remains aseismic considering our magnitude threshold of 1.8 except one spot where events occur swarm-like and with highly similar waveforms.The highest activity in the study area was identified along the SW–NE striking Santorini–Amorgos zone. Within this zone the submarine Columbo volcano exhibits strong temporal variations of seismic activity on a high background level. This activity is interpreted to be directly linked to the magma reservoir and therein the migration of magma and fluids towards the surface. NE of Columbo where no volcanic activity has yet been reported we observe a similar seismicity pattern with small-scaled activity spots that might represent local pathways of upward migrating fluids or even developing volcanic activity within this zone of crustal weakness. In contrast, the Santorini and Milos volcanic complexes do not show significant temporal variations and low to moderate background activity, respectively. Relating our results to the distribution of historical earthquakes and the GPS-derived horizontal velocity field we conclude that the Santorini–Amorgos zone is presently in the state of right-lateral transtension reflecting a major structural boundary of the volcanic arc subdividing it into a seismically and volcanically quiet western and an active eastern part.     

俯冲洋岛玄武岩脱水释放的水流体成分：来自西天山榴辉岩相高压脉的约束

俯冲洋壳的脱水作用对于岛弧火山岩的成因具有重要意义。西天山高压低温变质带中切割主岩蓝片岩/榴辉岩的榴辉岩相脉体记录了古生代俯冲带中的脱水过程。脉体具有典型高压矿物组合：石榴石(＞8%)+绿辉石(15%)+石英(＞55%)+蓝闪石(5%)+冻蓝闪石(10%)±黝帘石±方解石。高压脉及其主岩的岩相学与矿物化学研究表明流体是在俯冲过程中蓝片岩向榴辉岩进变质条件下释放。脉的主量元素成分显示流体富Si。主岩的稀土元素和微量元素表明其原岩为洋岛玄武岩(OIB)。脉和主岩具有相似的微量元素配分模式,并且相对N-MORB都显示富Li、Be、Cs、Rb、Ba、Pb、La的特点。通过模拟计算,在高压脉、与脉平衡的流体以及模拟的原生流体中都富集流体活动性元素(Li、Be、Pb)和LILE(Cs、Rb、Ba),贫HFSE(Nb)和REE(Nd、Sm)。证实了在古生代南天山洋俯冲时洋岛玄武岩脱水释放出富Li、Be、LILE、La和Pb,贫HFSE和HREE的流体。     

超高压变质作用过程中的流体——来自苏鲁超高压变质岩岩石学、氧同位素和流体包裹体研究的限定

苏鲁造山带超高压变质岩岩石学、氧同位素、流体包裹体和名义上无水矿物的研究表明，流体-岩石相互作用在大陆地壳的俯冲与折返过程中起到多重的重要作用，并形成了复杂的流体演化过程：（1）大陆表壳岩通过与高纬度大气降水的交换作用被广泛水化，并获得了异常低的氧同位素成分；（2）在水化陆壳物质的俯冲过程中发生了一系列的进变质脱水反应，所释放的流体主要结合进了高压、超高压含水矿物和名义上无水超高压矿物；（3）在超高压变质过程中，以水为主的变质流体通过选择性的吸收使其盐度逐渐升高，并在峰期出现高密度、高盐度的H2O或CO2-H2O流体。有机质的分解反应在局部形成了以CO2、N2、CH4或它们的混合物为主要成分的变质流体；（4）名义上无水超高压矿物的结构水出溶是早期退变质流体的主要来源，并在局部富集形成了高压变质脉体；（5）透入性的中、低盐度水流体活动使超高压变质岩通过一系列的水化反应转变成角闪岩相变质岩；（6）沿韧性剪切带和脆性破碎带的强烈水流体活动为绿片岩相退变质作用和低压石英脉的形成提供了变质流体；（7）可变盐度的H2O或CO2-H2O流体是整个超高压变质岩形成与折返过程中的主要流体，但局部的流体．岩石相互作用形成了非极性的变质流体。     

青藏高原岩石圈三维结构及高原隆升的液压机模型

青藏地区可以昆仑断裂和雅鲁藏布缝合线为界分为3个岩石圈地球物理特征各不相同的区域:青海高原、藏北高原和藏南高原。青海高原位于昆仑山脉以北,是重力高和重力低毗连出现的盆山结构。藏南高原位于雅鲁藏布江以南,是印度板块分布的地区,其上是印度板块的陆缘沉积。它的地壳结构是一个向南运动的逆冲推覆系统。INDEPTH反射剖面在藏南发现的主喜马拉雅逆冲断层(MHT)与宽角反射地震扇形剖面得到的T4震相反射面完全吻合。两种地震测深方法得到的结果之间不存在矛盾。T4震相在高喜马拉雅地区没有显示,MHT向南延伸到高喜马拉雅只是一个推论,因而MHT是否为印度板块的俯冲带仍有待于获取新的证据。在昆仑山脉以南到雅鲁藏布缝合带为藏北高原,是广泛发生局部熔融的强流变岩石圈。局部熔融地区呈漏斗状。在藏北广泛存在的深度为15～20km的上部地壳内的低速层是一个最富于流变性能的局部熔融层,它的埋藏深度平坦稳定,可能含大量水质流体。紧挨着上述上部壳内局部熔融层,在藏北岩石圈大范围出现分布不均匀的网状局部熔融。局部熔融体的底部从雅鲁藏布江地区的80km向北逐步加深到200km。漏斗的漏管处位于羌塘—可可西里。藏北局部熔融体的形成是由于印度板块向北运移,受到亚洲板块的阻挡,沿雅鲁藏布缝合带向青藏高原高角度俯冲,在弧后羌塘—可可西里地区产生高热流上升地幔所致。根据卫星重力异常、航空磁测、地震接收函数研究、地球化学资料以及地表地质均揭示,印度板块沿雅鲁藏布缝合带的俯冲仅发生在亚东—唐古拉一线以西的西藏西部。在亚东—唐古拉一线以东,印度板块与西藏块体间仅仅发生碰撞,但没有发生俯冲。高原的整体隆升是由液压效应所造成。青藏高原的隆升像一台液压机。印度板块对青藏俯冲过程中产生的各种应力,通过局部熔融体,传递到地壳深15～20km处的熔融层,在其下形成一个等压面。在这个等压面的驱使下,在低速层以上未被局部熔融的地壳的底部均匀受力,将它们同步向上抬升。高原隆升期后的跨塌,使上部地壳向四周流动。在青海高原,造成毗连阿尔金断裂的一系列由西南向北东方向推动的叠瓦构造。在雅鲁藏布江以南地区,形成一系列向南凸出的弧形逆冲断层。在昆仑山脉与雅鲁藏布缝合带之间,向东的流动便形成上部地壳的滑脱构造。虽然青藏高原的形成是由于印度板块的俯冲,但它的隆升机制不单纯是一个刚体力学问题,更重要的要考虑到流体的作用,简单的用以刚体假设为前提的板块学说去解释高原的隆升机制是青藏高原研究中的误区。西藏高原的深部是一个大热库,西藏热储的开发利用是一个重大的研究课题。