Genetic implications of pyrite chemistry from the Palaeoproterozoic Olary Domain and overlying Neoproterozoic Adelaidean sequences, northeastern South Australia

Sulphide mineralisation associated with rocks from the Palaeoproterozoic Olary Domain (OD) and overlying Neoproterozoic Adelaidean sequences has undergone a complex history of metamorphism and remobilisation. In this study, new trace element and sulphur isotopic analyses of pyrites from a large number of deposits and paragenetic generations are combined with an existing data set to build up a sequence of mineralising events linked to the tectonometamorphic evolution of the region. The typically high Co/Ni ratios (>10) indicate that early strata-bound pyrite precipitated from a volcanic-related fluid, which had fluctuating activities of the two metals during the early stages of the evolution of the Willyama basin. This period of mineralisation was followed by a diagenetic concentration of sulphide mineralisation at the horizon known as the Bimba Formation, which occurred as a result of the differing redox conditions between the upper and lower sequences in the Willyama Supergroup. During the Mesoproterozoic (1600 to 1500 Ma) Olarian Orogeny, metamorphic remobilisation of strata-bound pyrite resulted in an epigenetic signature; the trace element concentrations of this generation were controlled primarily by the proximity of mineralisation to the mafic intrusive bodies found throughout the terrane. Further reworking of existing sulphides during the Delamerian Orogeny and associated granitoid-intrusive rocks led to the formation of a new generation of epigenetic pyrite that occurs in quartz veins in the Adelaidean sequences and veins that crosscut Olarian fabrics in the Olary Domain. δ³⁴S results range from 16‰ to 11‰, but most data fall between 2‰ and 4‰. This association is suggestive of an initial uniform deep-seated crustal reservoir of sulphur, which has been repeatedly tapped throughout the metallogenic history of the region. The isotopic outliers can be explained by the input of biogenic sulphur or sulphur derived from oxidised, possibly evaporitic, sediments, respectively. Previous workers have invoked the Kupferschiefer and the Zambian Copperbelt as analogues to mineralisation processes in the Olary Domain. This study shows that δ³⁴S and trace element data are suggestive of some affinities with the aforementioned analogues, but a more likely link can be made between epigenetic remobilisation in the Olary region and the iron oxide copper gold (IOCG) style of mineralisation found at the nearby Olympic Dam deposit.     

山东五莲七宝山金矿床成矿物理化学条件及矿床成因

七宝山金铜矿床流体包裹体的研究表明：成矿流体具有较高的Ｋ￣＋、Ｎａ￣＋、及Ｃｌ￣－含量，并富含ＣＯ＿２等挥发组分。成矿温度主要变化于２００～３５０℃，成矿体系具有中等偏高的及较高的。同位素的研究表明：成矿流体以岩浆水为主导，成矿热液及成矿物质主要来自岩浆。成矿体系由封闭型向开放型演变，导致物化条件的突变是促使金、铜矿质沉淀的关键所在。     

横贯亚洲巨型构造带的基本特征和成矿作用

本文将位于西伯利亚地台与中朝、塔里木地台之间的广大地区称为横贯亚洲巨型构造带(The Trans-Asian Tectonic Mega-Belt:TATMB)。按其发育历史和构造位置,横贯亚洲巨型构造带可大体分为:(1)阿尔泰-萨彦-蒙古-鄂霍茨克构造带、(2)巴尔喀什-兴安构造带和(3)乌拉尔-南天山构造带等三个大的构造带。阿尔泰-萨彦-蒙古-鄂霍茨克构造带以中央蒙古构造线为南界,以叶尼塞-穆亚断裂、贝加尔断裂及斯塔诺夫南缘断裂为北界,与西伯利亚地台毗邻。巴尔喀什-兴安构造带位于中央蒙古构造线以南;其南界的西段为尼古拉耶夫线及南天山北缘断裂,东段以中-朝地台北缘逆冲断层与中-朝地台直接相连。这一构造带又可分为南、北两大亚带,即巴尔喀什-准噶尔-北、中天山-内蒙-锡林浩特亚带和斋桑-额尔齐斯-南蒙古-大兴安岭亚带。乌拉尔-南天山构造带从中国新疆境内西延经中亚地区直达乌拉尔。夹持该巨型构造带的南、北两大陆块,都发育有太古宙和古元古代的结晶基底和中元古代开始的沉积盖层,并在中元古代早期陆块的边缘都出现过裂解事件。然而位于这两大陆块之间的横贯亚洲巨型构造带地区却未见有中—新元古代的沉积盖层直接不整合覆盖在古老的结晶地块之上,也未见有地壳裂解的直接证据。在一些地区寒武纪地层与新元古代晚期地层是连续的。古生代时,该区以发育各类成分的海底喷发火山岩系为特征,其中包括被动陆缘火山岩、岛弧火山岩和洋壳上的喷发物等。整个构造带大致表现为西伯利亚地台和中朝、塔里木地台南、北两大陆块的相向运动和相向增生过程。其发育时间大致始于新元古代,主要为古生代,止于中生代。从晚三叠世开始,该带进入西太平洋边缘活动阶段。从区域成矿作用的角度来看,该区可分出相应的构造-成矿单元:(1)阿尔泰-萨彦-蒙古-鄂霍茨克构造-成矿带,包括1)阿尔泰-萨彦带和2)蒙古-鄂霍茨克带;(2)巴尔喀什-兴安构造-成矿带,包括1)斋桑-额尔齐斯-南蒙古-大兴安岭带和2)巴尔喀什-准噶尔-北、中天山-内蒙-锡林浩特带;(3)南天山构造-成矿带。主要矿种有金、铀、银、铜、钼、铅锌、钨、锡、稀有金属、铁、镍、云母、宝石、萤石、石墨、菱镁矿和沸石等。区内的成矿作用主要与古生代的岩浆作用和热液活动有关;但在蒙古-鄂霍茨克带主要发生在中生代。     

Nature, diversity of deposit types and metallogenic relations of South China

The South China Region is rich in mineral resources and has a wide diversity of deposit types. The region has undergone multiple tectonic and magmatic events and related metallogenic processes throughout the earth history. These tectonic and metallogenic processes were responsible for the formation of the diverse styles of base and precious metal deposits in South China making it one of the resource-rich regions in the world. During the Proterozoic, the South China Craton was characterised by rifting of continental margin before eruption of submarine volcanics and development of platform carbonate rocks, and the formation of VHMS, stratabound copper and MVT deposits. The Phanerozoic metallogeny of South China was related to opening and closing of the Tethyan Ocean involving multiple orogenies by subduction, back-arc rifting, arc–continent collision and post-collisional extension during the Indosinian (Triassic), Yanshanian (Jurassic to Cretaceous) and Himalayan (Tertiary) Orogenies. The Late Palaeozoic was a productive metallogenic period for South China resulting from break-up and rifting of Gondwana. Significant stratabound base and precious metal deposits were formed during the Devonian and Carboniferous (e.g., Fankou and Dabaoshan deposits). These Late Palaeozoic SEDEX-style deposits have been often overprinted by skarn systems associated with Yanshanian magmatism (e.g., Chengmenshan, Dongguashan and Qixiashan). A number of Late Palaeozoic to Early Mesozoic VHMS deposits also developed in the Sanjiang fold belt in the western part of South China (e.g., Laochang and Gacun).South China has significant sedimentary rock-hosted Carlin-like deposits, which occur in the Devonian- to Triassic-aged accretionary wedge or rift basins at the margin of the South China Craton. They are present in a region at the junction of Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi Provinces called the ‘Southern Golden Triangle’, and are also present in NW Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi, in an area known as the ‘Northern Golden Triangle’ of China. These deposits are mostly epigenetic hydrothermal micron-disseminated gold deposits with associated As, Hg, Sb + Tl mineralisation similar to Carlin-type deposits in USA. The important deposits in the Southern Golden Triangle are Jinfeng (Lannigou), Zimudang, Getang, Yata and Banqi in Guizhou Province, and the Jinya and Gaolong deposits in Guangxi District. The most important deposits in the Northern Golden Triangle are the Dongbeizhai and Qiaoqiaoshang deposits.Many porphyry-related polymetallic copper–lead–zinc and gold skarn deposits occur in South China. These deposits are related to Indosinian (Triassic) and Yanshanian (Jurassic to Cretaceous) magmatism associated with collision of the South China and North China Cratons and westward subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific Plate. Most of these deposits are distributed along the Lower to Middle Yangtze River metallogenic belt. The most significant deposits are Tonglushan, Jilongshan, Fengshandong, Shitouzui and Jiguanzui. Au–(Ag–Mo)-rich porphyry-related Cu–Fe skarn deposits are also present (Chengmenshan and Wushan in Jiangxi Province and Xinqiao, Mashan-Tianmashan, Shizishan and Huangshilaoshan in Anhui Province). The South China fold belt extending from Fujian to Zhejiang Provinces is characterised by well-developed Yanshanian intrusive to subvolcanic rocks associated with porphyry to epithermal type mineralisation and mesothermal vein deposits. The largest porphyry copper deposit in China, Dexing, occurs in Jiangxi Province and is hosted by Yanshanian granodiorite. The high-sulphidation epithermal system occurs at the Zijinshan district in Fujian Province and epithermal to mesothermal vein-type deposits are also found in the Zhejiang Province (e.g., Zhilingtou). Part of Shandong Province is located at the northern margin of the South China Craton and the province has unique world class granite-hosted orogenic gold deposits. Occurrences of Pt–Pd–Ni–Cu–Co are found in Permian-aged Emeishan continental flood basalt (ECFB) in South China (Jinbaoshan and Baimazhai in Yunnan Province and Yangliuping in Sichuan Province). South China also has major vein-type tungsten–tin–bismuth–beryllium–sulphide and REE deposits associated with Yanshanian magmatism (e.g., Shizhuyuan and Xihuashan), important world class stratabound base metal–tin deposits (Dachang deposit), and the large antimony deposits (Xikuangshan and Woxi). During the Himalayan Orogeny, many giant deposits were formed in South China including the recently emerging Yulong and Gangdese porphyry copper belts in Tibet and the Ailaoshan orogenic gold deposits in Yunnan.     

Neoarchean granite-greenstone belts and related ore mineralization in the North China Craton:An overview

Tectonic processes involving amalgamations of microblocks along zones of ocean closure represented by granite-greenstone belts(GGB) were fundamental in building the Earth's early continents. The crustal growth and cratonization of the North China Craton(NCC) are correlated to the amalgamation of microblocks welded by 2.75-2.6 Ga and ~2.5 Ga GGBs. The lithological assemblages in the GGBs are broadly represented by volcano-sedimentary sequences, subduction-collision related granitoids and bimodal volcanic rocks(basalt and dacite) interlayered with minor komatiites and calc-alkalic volcanic rocks(basalt, andesite and felsic rock). The geochemical features of meta-basalts in the major GGBs of the NCC display affinity with N-MORB, E-MORB, OIB and calc-alkaline basalt, suggesting that the microblocks were separated by oceanic realm. The granitoid rocks display arc signature with enrichment of LILE(K,Rb, Sr, Ba) and LREE, and depletion of HFSE(Nb, Ta, Th, U, Ti) and HREE, and fall in the VAG field. The major mineralization includes Neoarchean BIF-type iron and VMS-type Cu-Zb deposits and these,together with the associated supracrustal rocks possibly formed in back-arc basins or arc-related oceanic slab subduction setting with or without input from mantle plumes. The 2.75-2.60 Ga TTG rocks,komatiites, meta-basalts and metasedimentary rocks in the Yanlingguan GGB are correlated to the upwelling mantle plume with eruption close to the continental margin within an ocean basin. The volcanosedimentary rocks and granitoid rocks in the late Neoarchean GGBs display formation ages of 2.60-2.48 Ga, followed by metamorphism at 2.52-2.47 Ga, corresponding to a typical modern-style subduction-collision system operating at the dawn of Proterozoic. The late Neoarchean komatiite(Dongwufenzi GGB), sanukitoid(Dongwufenzi GGB and Western Shandong GGB), BIF(Zunhua GGB) and VMS deposit(Hongtoushan-Qingyuan-Helong GGB) have closer connection to a combined process of oceanic slab subduction and mantle plume. The Neoarchean cratonization of the NCC appears to have involved two stages of tectonic process along the 2.75-2.6 Ga GGB and ~2.5 Ga GGBs, the former involve plume-arc interaction process, and the latter involving oceanic lithospheric subduction, with or without arcplume interaction.     

贵州晴隆山节地金矿矿体特征及成矿规律

滇黔桂“金三角”是我国著名的卡林型金矿集区之一,已发现了多个大型、超大型金矿床和中小型矿床和矿点,查明的金资源储量已超过500t(陈懋弘等,2009a)。贵州晴隆紫马山节地金矿最早发现于90年代,主要以地表氧化矿的开采为主,其与临近的老万场金矿相似,矿体呈透镜状产出于二叠系中统茅口组顶部岩溶凹地内（韩至均,1995a）。直到2015年才发现隐伏于逆冲断层破碎带和次级背斜核部的复合型矿体。因此对其产出特征及成矿规律的研究对于整个潘家庄断裂带及碧痕营穹窿构造耦合区的找矿有着重要的意义     

From rocks to ore

Metal enrichment to ore grade is the ultimate outgrowth of large-scale and long-term fractionation processes of the thermally driven and unique water-cooled geological evolution of the Earth. Silicic magmatism along convergent margins is the most important lithospheric fractionation process for the formation of the continental crust and porphyry/intrusion-related ore deposits. Reconnaissance microanalysis of melt inclusions from Central Andean porphyry systems refines a metallogenic model for copper–gold and tin porphyry mineralization. Magmatic mixing and early exsolution of a fluid phase are important ingredients for porphyry Cu–Au systems in association with silicic rocks of moderate levels of fractionation (such as diorites and monzonites), whereas extended magmatic fractionation with late-stage fluid evolution characterize lithophile-element-enriched tin porphyry systems. Received: 25 June 1999 / Accepted: 11 January 2000     

江西德兴铜金矿集区成矿规律

德兴矿集区铜金成矿受地层、岩性、岩浆活动、构造等多种因素的控制,通过对控矿作用的研究,指出了矿集区铜金成矿的基本规律.     

富氟花岗岩浆液态不混溶作用及其成岩成矿效应

除了结晶分异模式外,富氟花岗岩浆液态不混溶作用也是伟晶岩成岩成矿的重要机制。熔体包裹体和实验研究表明,富氟花岗岩浆的液态不混溶会形成富挥发份的贫硅熔体和与其共轭的富硅酸盐熔体。花岗岩中的异离体型伟晶岩和贯入状脉型伟晶岩,挥发份、助熔剂等元素和同位素组成在不混溶相间的突变性是该类不混溶作用的主要标志。富氟花岗岩浆不混溶作用不但可以解释伟晶岩的特征性矿物分带,对传统的伟晶岩成岩理论提出了挑战;还对稀有金属有高度富集作用,这主要归功于F、B、P等挥发份对稀有金属元素的亲和力。然而,目前该类不混溶作用成矿效应的研究还比较薄弱,这主要要归因于没有理想的地质对象。甲基卡矿床是亚洲最大的固体锂矿床,初步研究表明该矿床发生了富氟花岗岩浆液态不混溶作用,是研究氟花岗岩浆液态不混溶过程中稀有金属的分配、迁移、富集规律和机制的理想对象。     

Island-arc affinity of the Central Iranian Volcanic Belt

Three types of tectonic settings are proposed for the Central Iranian Volcanic Belt (CIVB), namely, rift, continental margin, and post-collision settings. However, geochemical, tectonic, stratigraphic, and metallogenic evidence favor an ensialic island-arc setting. The discrimination diagrams that have been used in this study are useful for making a distinction between ensialic island-arcs and continental margin-arcs from which the ensialic island-arcs were derived.