金川铜镍矿床隐伏富铜矿体成因研究及其深部找矿意义

金川矿床赋存于富橄榄石超镁铁质岩中,是目前世界第三大在采铜镍硫化物矿床.经过多年开采,如何在深、边部找到新的替代资源问题显得越来越重要.通过对金川矿床富铜隐伏矿体的矿体特征、矿石特征和矿石特殊地球化学特性等方面进行分析研究,特别是从空间立体对其矿化规律进行总结,并与其附近Ⅱ1#主矿体进行对比,指出该类型矿体既有岩浆熔离作用的特点,又有后期改造作用的特征,其形成经历了三个阶段:富含Cu、PGE岩浆深部熔离-脉动贯入、构造活化富集和后期热液叠加.同时探讨了来源于地幔深部的高镁玄武质岩浆,在深部岩浆房和阶段岩浆房熔离分异过程中,富镍岩浆和矿浆之间存在富铜岩浆.此外,Pb同位素表明,该隐伏富铜矿体形成时间为8亿年左右,早于块状特富矿;Pb、S同位素表明,该矿体主要来源于地幔,但曾被少量地壳物质混入.最后指出铜镍硫化矿床的成因是复杂多样的,在金川矿床深边部寻找新型矿体,尤其是富铜矿体的前景很大,而F_6断层可能是富铜隐伏矿体岩浆通道和Ⅱ1#主矿体岩浆的深部侵位通道之一.     

小兴安岭东南晚奥陶世鹤林侵入杂岩体成因探讨

小兴安岭东南晚奥陶世鹤林侵入杂岩体岩性变化较大,由角闪辉长岩—(石英)闪长岩—英云闪长岩—二长花岗岩组成,不同岩石类型在野外宏观上呈相互侵入、包裹和渐变的接触关系;在(石英)闪长岩、英云闪长岩和二长花岗岩中均发育微细粒闪长质包体,包体多具明显塑性流变特点的浑圆外形和典型岩浆结构、针状磷灰石及捕获的寄主岩钾长石、石英斑晶,为MME型岩浆混合成因包体;杂岩体相对富集LILE(Ba、Sr、Rb)、HFS(U、Th、Zr、Ce)元素等,显示出壳源特点,而较高的εNd(t)值(-2.38~-3.77)显示以幔源为主的特点。研究表明杂岩体具明显的壳幔岩浆混合成因的岩相学、岩石化学和地球化学特征,形成于基性岩浆底侵作用下的陆缘弧型活动大陆边缘构造环境。     

南天山阔克萨勒岭地区晚古生代玄武岩地球化学特征、成因及意义

齐齐哈尔纳克玄武岩与哈拉布拉克玄武岩出露于南天山阔克萨勒岭区,两组玄武岩均属碱性玄武岩系列,样品富集大离子亲石元素和高场强元素,轻重稀土分馏明显,（La／Yb）N=5．4～7．0,Ce／Y=18．04～24．52,Eu／Eu^＊=0．96～1．13,无负Eu异常,总体特征与洋岛型玄武岩（OIB）的特点类似。Mg^#与高场强元素Ni,Sr,Cr,V与Nb／La值无相关性,Ti^＊（1．02～1．7）与Nb^＊（1．77～2．14）表明以单斜辉石为主的分离结晶是岩浆演化的主要趋势,与岩相学观察一致。将Zr／Nb,La／Nb,Ba／Nb,Ba／Th等比值与OIB端元及主要化学库不相容元素比值进行对比,发现源区类似EMI和EMII。Zr／Nb=7．4～8．38,Ce/Yb=16．11～24．52,高（La／Yb）N和（Gd／Yb）N值表明岩浆是含石榴子石相橄榄岩与尖晶石相橄榄岩富集过渡地幔源区低部分熔融的产物。对玄武岩稀土元素运用分离结晶部分熔融过程（CL／CO=（1-F）^（1/Do-1／DO）反演计算,模拟结果表明齐齐哈尔纳克玄武岩经1．57％～3．27％部分熔融形成,地慢源区Gt：Sp=5：95;哈拉布拉克玄武岩经4．09％部分熔融形成,地幔源区Gt：Sp=25：75。模拟结果表明南天山洋深部地幔可能并不是均一的。结合玄武岩年代（晚泥盆系-石炭系）、南天山中部库勒湖蛇绿混杂带的硅质岩、黑英山阿尔腾卡什组硅质岩中大量中泥盆-早石炭世放射虫化石、与玄武岩共生的蛇绿岩富大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、富集Ce和P等边缘海岛弧特点及出露弧后盆地中沉积碳酸盐岩,表明玄武岩产于弧后盆地,弧后洋盆在晚泥盆世消减并最终于早石炭世末期闭合。     

Magnetic studies of magma-supply and sea-floor metamorphism: Troodos ophiolite dikes

Dikes of the eastern Troodos ophiolite of Cyprus intruded at slow ocean-spreading axes with dips ranging up to 15° from vertical and with bimodal strikes (now NE–SW and N–S due to post-88 Ma sinistral microplate rotation). Varied dike orientations may represent local stress fields during dike-crack propagation but do not influence the spatial-distributions or orientation-distributions of dikes' magnetic fabrics, nor of their palaeomagnetic signals. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) integrates mineral orientation-distributions from each of 1289 specimens sampled from dikes at 356 sites over 400 km² in the eastern Troodos ophiolite of Cyprus. In 90% of dikes, AMS fabrics define a foliation (k_MAX–k_INT) parallel to dike walls and a lineation (k_MAX) that varies regionally and systematically. Magma-flow alignment of accessory magnetite controls the AMS with a subordinate contribution from the mafic silicate matrix that is reduced in anisotropy by sea-floor metamorphism. Titanomagnetite has less influence on anisotropy. Occasionally, intermediate and minimum susceptibility axes are switched so as to be incompatible with the kinematically reasonable flow plane but maximum susceptibility (k_MAX) still defines the magmatic flow axis. Such blended subfabrics of kinematically compatible mafic-silicate and misaligned multidomain magnetite subfabrics; are rare. Areas of steep magma flow (k_MAX plunge ≥ 70°) and of shallow magma-flow alternate in a systematic and gradual spatial pattern. Foci of steep flow were spaced 4 km parallel to the spreading axes and 6 km perpendicular to the spreading axes. Ridge-parallel separation of steep flow suggest the spacing of magma-feeders to the dikes whereas ridge-perpendicular spacing of 6 km at a spreading rate of 50 mm/a implies the magma sources may have been active for 240 Ka. The magma feeders feeding dikes may have been ≤ 2 km in diameter. Stable paleomagnetic vectors, in some cases verified by reversal tests, are retained by magnetite and titanomagnetite. In all specimens, the stable components were isolated by three cycles of low-temperature demagnetization (LTD) followed by ≥ 10 steps of incremental thermal demagnetization (TD). 47% of primary A-components [338.2 /+ 57.2 n = 207, α₉₅ = 3.9; mean T_UB = 397 ± 8 °C] are overprinted by a B-component [341.4 /+ 63.5, n = 96, α₉₅ = 8.7; mean T_UB = 182 ± 11 °C]. A- and B-components are ubiquitous and shared equally by the N–S and NE–SW striking dikes. A-component unblocking temperatures (T_UB) are zoned subparallel to the fossil spreading axis. Their spatial pattern is consistent with chemical remagnetization at some certain off-axis distance determined by sea-floor spreading. A-components indicate less microplate rotation and more northerly palaeolatitudes that are consistent with metamorphic remagnetization after some spreading from the ridge-axis. Thus, their magnetizations are younger than those of the overlying volcanic sequence for which ChRMs are commonly reported as 274 /+ 33 (88 Ma).     

煌斑岩在玲珑金矿田形成过程中的地质意义

玲珑金矿田发育的金矿脉以黄铁石英脉为主.发育的含金石英脉在时空及成因方面与煌斑岩脉有密切联系.在空间上,煌斑岩脉与黄铁石英矿脉呈小角度相交,且大都错断矿脉.在时间上,同位素测年显示,煌斑岩脉的形成时间范围较大,一般为80～132Ma,而石英脉的形成主要集中在100～110Ma.通过煌斑岩中金含量测定及高温高压实验,煌斑岩并非是金元素的来源,金元素与煌斑岩在高温高压条件下不相溶,在成因方面,形成矿脉的大部分金元素与煌斑岩脉应同属于地幔物质;地幔岩浆含大量的地幔流体,根据金的化学性质,金易和地幔流体中的Cl-、OH-结合形成络合物,在地幔岩浆上侵过程中随地幔流体上升到地壳上部,并在适当的位置聚集形成含金石英矿脉,而煌斑岩浆从上侵的基性岩浆中分离出来,充填于构造裂隙中,形成煌斑岩脉.     

北祁连西段古元古代大陆裂谷火山岩性质的确定

北祁连西段古元古代火山岩是大陆裂谷火山作用的产物,具典型的“双峰式”特征。岩石地球化学研究表明,斜长角闪岩和石英阳起石岩派生于上地幔,属大陆拉斑玄武岩—安山岩,而石英黑云母岩则来源于地壳。其源岩浆在上升过程中受到了陆壳成分的混染,有较多的陆壳成分的卷入,它们的形成是地幔热柱和陆壳共同作用的结果。     

Hybrid upwind discretization of nonlinear two-phase flow with gravity

Multiphase flow in porous media is described by coupled nonlinear mass conservation laws. For immiscible Darcy flow of multiple fluid phases, whereby capillary effects are negligible, the transport equations in the presence of viscous and buoyancy forces are highly nonlinear and hyperbolic. Numerical simulation of multiphase flow processes in heterogeneous formations requires the development of discretization and solution schemes that are able to handle the complex nonlinear dynamics, especially of the saturation evolution, in a reliable and computationally efficient manner. In reservoir simulation practice, single-point upwinding of the flux across an interface between two control volumes (cells) is performed for each fluid phase, whereby the upstream direction is based on the gradient of the phase-potential (pressure plus gravity head). This upwinding scheme, which we refer to as Phase-Potential Upwinding (PPU), is combined with implicit (backward-Euler) time discretization to obtain a Fully Implicit Method (FIM). Even though FIM suffers from numerical dispersion effects, it is widely used in practice. This is because of its unconditional stability and because it yields conservative, monotone numerical solutions. However, FIM is not unconditionally convergent. The convergence difficulties are particularly pronounced when the different immiscible fluid phases switch between co-current and counter-current states as a function of time, or (Newton) iteration. Whether the multiphase flow across an interface (between two control-volumes) is co-current, or counter-current, depends on the local balance between the viscous and buoyancy forces, and how the balance evolves in time. The sensitivity of PPU to small changes in the (local) pressure distribution exacerbates the problem. The common strategy to deal with these difficulties is to cut the timestep and try again. Here, we propose a Hybrid-Upwinding (HU) scheme for the phase fluxes, then HU is combined with implicit time discretization to yield a fully implicit method. In the HU scheme, the phase flux is divided into two parts based on the driving force. The viscous-driven and buoyancy-driven phase fluxes are upwinded differently. Specifically, the viscous flux, which is always co-current, is upwinded based on the direction of the total-velocity. The buoyancy-driven flux across an interface is always counter-current and is upwinded such that the heavier fluid goes downward and the lighter fluid goes upward. We analyze the properties of the Implicit Hybrid Upwinding (IHU) scheme. It is shown that IHU is locally conservative and produces monotone, physically-consistent numerical solutions. The IHU solutions show numerical diffusion levels that are slightly higher than those for standard FIM (i.e., implicit PPU). The primary advantage of the IHU scheme is that the numerical overall-flux of a fluid phase remains continuous and differentiable as the flow regime changes between co-current and counter-current conditions. This is in contrast to the standard phase-potential upwinding scheme, in which the overall fractional-flow (flux) function is non-differentiable across the boundary between co-current and counter-current flows.     

Tephra glass chemistry provides storage and discharge details of five magma reservoirs which fed the 75 ka Youngest Toba Tuff eruption,northern Sumatra

The Youngest Toba Tuff contains five distinct glass populations, identified from Ba, Sr and Y compositions, termed PI (lowest Ba) – PV (highest Ba), representing five compositionally distinct pre-eruptive magma batches that fed the eruption. The PI–PV compositions display systematic changes, with higher FeO, CaO, MgO, TiO₂ and lower incompatible element concentrations in the low-SiO₂ PIV/PV, than the high-SiO₂ PI–PIII compositions. Glass shard abundances indicate PIV and PV were the least voluminous magma batches, and PI and PIII the most voluminous. Pressure estimates using rhyolite-MELTS indicate PV magma equilibrated at ~6 km, and PI magma at ~3.8 km. Glass population proportions in distal tephra and proximal (caldera-wall) material describe an eruption which commenced by emptying the deepest PIV and PV reservoirs, this being preferentially deposited in a narrow band across southern India (possibly due to jet-stream and/or plinian eruption transport), and as abundant pumice clasts in the lowermost proximal ignimbrites. Later, shallower magma reservoirs erupted, with PI being the most abundant as the eruption ended, sourcing the majority of distal ash from co-ignimbrite clouds (PI- and PIII-dominant), where associated ignimbrites isolated earlier (PIV- and PV-rich) deposits. This study shows how analysis of tephra glass compositional data can yield pre-eruption magma volume estimates, and enable aspects of magma storage conditions and eruption dynamics to be described.     

塔里木巴楚小海子正长岩杂岩体的岩石成因探讨

巴楚小海子正长岩杂岩体是二叠纪塔里木大火成岩省的重要组成部分.SIMS锆石U-Pb定年显示其形成于279.7±2.0Ma,与本区辉绿岩脉和石英正长斑岩岩脉近于同时侵位.根据矿物学特征,小海子正长岩体可分为铁橄榄石正长岩和角闪正长岩两类.前者主要由碱性长石、铁橄榄石、单斜辉石、角闪石和少量石英、斜长石组成,后者主要由碱性长石、角闪石、黑云母和少量的石英、斜长石组成.小海子正长岩体为铁质、碱性系列,轻稀土相对富集,重稀土亏损,具有明显的Eu正异常,无Nb、Ta负异常,相对低的(87Sr/86Sr);(0.7033 ～0.7038)和正的εNd(t)值(+3.1～+3.8),暗示它们来自亏损的地幔源区,没有地壳物质的加入.主微量和同位素地球化学分析,暗示巴楚小海子正长岩的母岩浆为碱性的幔源玄武质岩浆经橄榄石、单斜辉石分离结晶后的残余熔体,并且含有堆晶的碱性长石.这种含有碱性长石堆晶的熔体,在相对还原的条件下结晶,形成铁橄榄石正长岩;在相对氧化的条件下结晶,并经过不同程度斜长石的分离结晶形成角闪正长岩.     

滇西剑川OIB型苦橄玢岩:俯冲板块断离的产物?

滇西剑川地区出露小规模的OIB型苦橄质次火山岩,主要由橄榄石、单斜辉石和斜长石组成,其中橄榄石主要为贵橄榄石,Mg^#最高可达88.8。全岩SiO₂含量为43%~48%,MgO含量为12%~24%。根据橄榄石-熔体平衡原理,恢复的原始岩浆为苦橄质岩浆(MgO=13%,FeO=10%)。苦橄玢岩的微量元素标准化图解与洋岛玄武岩(OIB)相似,具有相对富集轻稀土(LREE)和大离子亲石元素(LILE)的特点。此外,斑晶橄榄石中普遍含有熔融包裹体和尖晶石包裹体。尖晶石属于富铬尖晶石,Cr^#最高可达69.0,且尖晶石具有较低的Al₂O₃(12.5%~18.6%)和较高的TiO₂(0.2%~1.7%)含量。微量元素模拟结果表明,苦橄质岩浆是高温高压(T≈1470℃,P≈2.7GPa)条件下石榴子石相橄榄岩低度部分熔融(4%~7%)的产物。结合苦橄玢岩的分布特征,推测苦橄质岩浆的形成可能与中新世时印度板块向欧亚板块高角度深俯冲过程中板片的断离导致软流圈物质沿着板片窗上涌而发生熔融有关。