Analysing the advantages of high temporal resolution geostationary MSG SEVIRI data compared to Polar Operational Environmental Satellite data for land surface monitoring in Africa

Since 1972, satellite remote sensing of the environment has been dominated by polar-orbiting sensors providing useful data for monitoring the earth's natural resources. However their observation and monitoring capacity are inhibited by daily to monthly looks for any given ground surface which often is obscured by frequent and persistent cloud cover creating large gaps in time series measurements. The launch of the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite into geostationary orbit has opened new opportunities for land surface monitoring. The Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) instrument on-board MSG with an imaging capability every 15 min which is substantially greater than any temporal resolution that can be obtained from existing Polar Operational Environmental Satellite (POES) systems currently in use for environmental monitoring. Different areas of the African continent were affected by droughts and floods in 2008 caused by periods of abnormally low and high rainfall, respectively. Based on the effectiveness of monitoring these events from Earth Observation (EO) data the current analyses show that the new generation of geostationary remote sensing data can provide higher temporal resolution cloud-free (<5 days) measurements of the environment as compared to existing POES systems. SEVIRI MSG 5-day continental scale composites will enable rapid assessment of environmental conditions and improved early warning of disasters for the African continent such as flooding or droughts. The high temporal resolution geostationary data will complement existing higher spatial resolution polar-orbiting satellite data for various dynamic environmental and natural resource applications of terrestrial ecosystems.     

考虑碎石桩排水能力复合地基中孔压长消解析解

由于地震作用时间较短,且碎石桩渗透能力和土体渗透能力相比并不是无限大,因此本文考虑碎石桩排水能力研究了碎石桩桩体材料由地震引起的孔压的长消规律。根据比奥固结理论综合考虑碎石桩的排水能力和相应的初始条件及边界条件,推导出了能够真实反映碎石桩排水减压作用在地震期超孔隙水压力产生、扩散、消散过程中的贡献作用的一般解析解公式。同时讨论了碎石桩渗透能力的不同对抗震液化的影响作用。     

氢化物发生法测定地质样品中锡含量

主要根据锡元素特性,研究利用氢化物发生法测定地质样品中锡含量。该方法简便、快捷,不用分离干扰元素,大大提高了分析测试速度,且通过国家一级标样的分析能够满足0.001%～1.00%含量的锡矿石的测试要求。     

Evaluation of the petroleum composition and quality with increasing thermal maturity as simulated by hydrous pyrolysis: A case study using a Brazilian source rock with Type I kerogen

Hydrous pyrolysis (HP) experiments were used to investigate the petroleum composition and quality of petroleum generated from a Brazilian lacustrine source rock containing Type I kerogen with increasing thermal maturity. The tested sample was of Aptian age from the Araripe Basin (NE-Brazil). The temperatures (280–360 °C) and times (12–132 h) employed in the experiments simulated petroleum generation and expulsion (i.e., oil window) prior to secondary gas generation from the cracking of oil. Results show that similar to other oil prone source rocks, kerogen initially decomposes in part to a polar rich bitumen, which decomposes in part to hydrocarbon rich oil. These two overall reactions overlap with one another and have been recognized in oil shale retorting and natural petroleum generation. During bitumen decomposition to oil, some of the bitumen is converted to pyrobitumen, which results in an increase in the apparent kerogen (i.e., insoluble carbon) content with increasing maturation.The petroleum composition and its quality (i.e., API gravity, gas/oil ratio, C₁₅₊ fractions, alkane distribution, and sulfur content) are affected by thermal maturation within the oil window. API gravity, C₁₅₊ fractions and gas/oil ratios generated by HP are similar to those of natural petroleum considered to be sourced from similar Brazilian lacustrine source rocks with Type I kerogen of Lower Cretaceous age. API gravity of the HP expelled oils shows a complex relationship with increasing thermal maturation that is most influenced by the expulsion of asphaltenes. C₁₅₊ fractions (i.e., saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes) show that expelled oils and bitumen are compositionally separate organic phases with no overlap in composition. Gas/oil ratios (GOR) initially decrease from 508–131 m³/m³ during bitumen generation and remain essentially constant (81–84 m³/m³) to the end of oil generation. This constancy in GOR is different from the continuous increase through the oil window observed in anhydrous pyrolysis experiments. Alkane distributions of the HP expelled oils are similar to those of natural crude oils considered to be sourced from similar Brazilian lacustrine source rocks with Type I kerogen of Lower Cretaceous age. Isoprenoid and n-alkane ratios (i.e., pristane/n-C₁₇ and phytane/n-C₁₈) decrease with increasing thermal maturity as observed in natural crude oils. Pristane/phytane ratios remain constant with increasing thermal maturity through the oil window, with ratios being slightly higher in the expelled oils relative to those in the bitumen. Generated hydrocarbon gases are similar to natural gases associated with crude oils considered to be sourced from similar Brazilian lacustrine source rocks with Type I kerogen of Lower Cretaceous, with the exception of elevated ethane contents. The general overall agreement in composition of natural and hydrous pyrolysis petroleum of lacustrine source rocks observed in this study supports the utility of HP to better characterize petroleum systems and the effects of maturation and expulsion on petroleum composition and quality.     

ICP-MS测定蔬菜样品中重金属元素的两种微波消解前处理方法

微波消解法是处理生物样品的主要技术,但存在处理效率不高等问题还有待进一步研究。本文采用高压低通量(12位)和低压高通量(41位)微波消解法对蔬菜样品进行前处理,电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定砷、镉、铬、铜、镍、铅和锌,氢化物发生-冷原子荧光光谱法(HG-CAFS)测定汞。采用两种前处理方法消解标准物质GBW 10010(大米)和GBW 10014(圆白菜),ICP-MS的测定值与标准值基本吻合,全流程加标回收率为91.5%~103.8%;用于测定GBW 10010和GBW 10014,因GBW 10010中铬、铅、砷,GBW 10014中砷的含量较低,测定值与标准值的相对误差较大;其余元素的测定值与标准值基本相符,表明两种前处理方法均能满足分析要求。但在保证测定结果质量的前提下,低压高通量微波消解处理样品,试剂用量少,单次样品处理量大,更加适合大批量生物样品的前处理。     

On the generation,propagation and radiation of magneto–acoustic–gravity waves with application to stars

Abstract

The study of the mechanisms controlling the stratification in closed fluid regions is an important branch of geophysical fluid dynamics. Part of this subject can be handled with a simple linear model, consisting of a buoyancy layer at the non-horizontal boundaries of a container and an advective-diffusive interior coupled by volume continuity. The model is valid under the following conditions: firstly, the buoyancy-frequency characterizing the solution must be sufficiently large to give rise to a flow pattern of boundary layer type and, secondly, the non-horizontal walls must not have too large thermal conductivity.

The main purpose of the present paper is to summarise previous work done by the authors in this field and to present some consequences of their theory not previously discussed.

Three important cases are discussed; certain stationary solutions, the decay of a given stratification and the build up of a stratification in a homogeneous fluid. The experimental results concerning the afore-mentioned cases are presented.     

南海中尺度涡研究进展

近20年以来,南海环流及中尺度涡的研究得到了国内外海洋学家相当的重视,取得了许多研究成果。随着高度计资料的广泛应用以及涡分辨率数值模式的发展,南海中尺度涡的研究越趋活跃。简要介绍南海大尺度环流的主要工作,并着重分析南海多涡结构观测以及形成机理研究方面的主要进展。     

新疆和田ML7.1地震前ULF电磁辐射的激发机理

1996年11月19日新疆和田地区发生了ML=7.1地震. 在这次地震发生前,观测到了地震的超低频（ULF）电磁辐射前兆. 电磁辐射前兆的特点是电位漂移、极化椭圆主轴的垂直方向指向震中和大幅度的电磁辐射. 本文根据电磁辐射特征建立了地震电磁辐射前兆垂直电偶极子模型,并且给出了观测结果的物理解释. 偶极子产生一个不稳定的静电场使水平分量的电位日均值发生明显漂移,震前电偶极子中电荷复合放电产生的随机弱电磁噪声造成在ULF频段上水平分量偏振主轴方向偏转. 喀什台站和安西台站观测到的电势比值与模型估计值相近,从水平分量判断出偶极子间电流方向向下,与垂直电偶极子模型一致.     

国际煤层气组成和成因研究

煤层气已成为一种新兴的非常规天然气资源。煤层气是成煤物质在煤化过程中生成并储集于煤层中的气体。按其成因类型分为生物成因气和热成因气。生物成因气有原生和次生两种类型,原生生物成因气一般在低级煤中生成,很难保存下来。次生生物成因气常与后来的煤层含水系统的细菌活动有关。热成因煤层气的生成始于高挥发份烟煤（Ro＝０.5％～0.8％）。与分散的Ⅰ／Ⅱ型或Ⅲ型干酪根生成的气体相比,煤层气的地球化学组成变化较大,反映了控制煤层气组成和成因的因素多而复杂,主要的影响因素包括煤岩组分、煤级、生气过程和埋藏深度及相应的温度压力条件。此外,水动力等地质条件和次生作用等也影响着煤层气的组成。