Effective macroscopic transport parameters between parallel plates with constant concentration boundaries

A macroscopic transport model is developed, following the Taylor shear dispersion analysis procedure, for a 2D laminar shear flow between parallel plates possessing a constant specified concentration. This idealized geometry models flow with contaminant dissolution at pore-scale in a contaminant source zone and flow in a rock fracture with dissolving walls. We upscale a macroscopic transient transport model with effective transport coefficients of mean velocity, macroscopic dispersion, and first-order mass transfer rate. To validate the macroscopic model the mean concentration, covariance, and wall concentration gradient are compared to the results of numerical simulations of the advection–diffusion equation and the Graetz solution. Results indicate that in the presence of local-scale variations and constant concentration boundaries, the upscaled mean velocity and macrodispersion coefficient differ from those of the Taylor–Aris dispersion, and the mass transfer flux described by the first-order mass transfer model is larger than the diffusive mass flux from the constant wall. In addition, the upscaled first-order mass transfer coefficient in the macroscopic model depends only on the plate gap and diffusion coefficient. Therefore, the upscaled first-order mass transfer coefficient is independent of the mean velocity and travel distance, leading to a constant pore-scale Sherwood number of 12. By contrast, the effective Sherwood number determined by the diffusive mass flux is a function of the Peclet number for small Peclet number, and approaches a constant of 10.3 for large Peclet number.     

Capillary pressure for the sand–CO2–water system under various pressure conditions. Application to CO2 sequestration

Accurate modeling of storage of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in heterogeneous aquifers requires experiments of the capillary pressure as function of temperature and pressure. We present a method with which static drainage and imbibition capillary pressures can be measured continuously as a function of saturation at various temperature (T) and pressure (P) conditions. The measurements are carried out at (T, P) conditions of practical interest. Static conditions can be assumed as small injection rates are applied. The capillary pressure curves are obtained for the unconsolidated sand–distilled water–CO₂ system. The experimental results show a decrease of drainage and imbibition capillary pressure for increasing CO₂ pressures and pronounced dissolution rate effects for gaseous CO₂. Significant capillary pressure fluctuations and negative values during imbibition are observed at near critical conditions. The measurement procedure is validated by a numerical model that simulates the experiments.     

白云鄂博碳酸岩墙的稀土和微量元素地球化学及对其成因的启示

根据矿物组成白云鄂博矿区的碳酸岩岩可墙可分为白云石型、白云石－方解石共存型和方解石型三种类型。REE和微量元素地球化学表明，这三类碳酸岩岩墙为碳酸岩浆演化不同阶段的产物，白云石型和白云石－方解石共存型对应于早期岩浆阶段，其（La/Nd)n、(La/Yb)n比值随稀土总量的增加而增大，方解石型则对应于碳酸岩浆演化的晚期热液阶段，其稀土总量明显富集，但其（La/Nd)n、(La/Y)n和（La/Yb)n比值随稀土总量的增加却有减小的趋势，热液阶段也是白云鄂博稀土矿化的主要阶段。     

珠穆朗玛峰地区大气气溶胶元素成分的监测及分析

对珠穆朗玛峰地区大气气溶胶化学民分进行了观测和分析。初步分析结果表明，珠峰地区大气气溶胶以Al,Ca,Si,K,Fe等地壳元素为主，地壳元素占总元素浓度的82％以上。S,Pb等与人类活动影响有关的污染元素含量很低。元素S浓度为91．64ng.m^-3，元素Pb浓度仅为2．93ng.m^-3，接近于格陵兰地区的浓度，从气富集因子来看，来自地壳成分元素的富集因子要小于北京地区。而As,Pb等与人类活动有关的气溶胶元素的富集因子也比北京地区低得多。研究表明，人类活动对珠峰地区的影响很小。     

X地磁垂直分量日变幅逐日比及其与地震关系的探讨

分析了地城关垂直分量日变幅逐日比值的高值异常与其后地震的关系，发现它们之间有良好的对应，通过分析地磁垂直分量谐波幅度的逐日比，作者认为这种高值变化可能与其间地下介质电阻率下降有关，但也有可能是是外场变化所致。     

黑龙江盘古-碧水韧性剪切带中段构造地球化学特征

盘古-碧水韧性剪切带中段糜棱岩的叠加强度和质量平衡分析表明:剪切带在变形过程中组分发生了显著的交换。糜棱岩类总体CaO、K₂O、SiO₂大量带入,TiO₂、MnO、FeO是带出的。随着糜棱岩化程度的提高,SiO₂、K₂O、MnO明显带入,CaO少量带出。以Al₂O₃守恒为限制条件,整个剪切带质量和体积增加了16.87%。大规模的物质带入带出发生在糜棱岩阶段。     

质量平衡法——定量恢复新生代青藏高原造山作用

青藏高原的形成演化及其对东亚地形，水文分布，季风起源，全球气候变化，海洋化学组分改变等的影响，一直是全球地质学家关注的热点，然而由于定量研究方法的缺乏，一些关键性的问题一直悬而未决，质量平衡法的提出为解决这一困境提供了新思路，阐述了质量平衡法的原理，并以Metivier等对西藏高原地区，东亚，印度支那和印度板块地区的研究为例，介绍了质量平衡法的应用，同时对存在的问题进行了较为详细的讨论，为进一步研究指明了重点。     

Quantitative measurements on the paleo-weathering intensity of the loess-soil sequences and implication on paleomonsoon

The loess-soil sequences in northern China provide a near continuous record of Quaternary paleoclimate. The pedogenetic intensity of the sequences is closely linked with the variations of the East Asian summer monsoon. In this study, 2181 samples from the Changwu and Xifeng loess sections are analyzed and two high-resolution paleo-weathering timeseries of the last 1.2 Ma are generated, using the ratio of CBD extractable free Fe₂O₃ (FeD) versus the total iron (FeT). This new index is compared with micromorphological features, low-frequency magnetic susceptibility, frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility, and the Rb/Sr ratio^[5,6]. The results suggest that the FeD/FeT ratio is able to better reflect the degree of soil development. Since the chemical weathering of loess in the Loess Plateau region mainly depends upon the summer precipitation and temperature under modern climate condition, which are closely associated with strength of summer monsoon, and the chemical weathering intensity of loess primarily reflects the variations of the summer monsoon circulation.     

不同方案求解非线性化学动力学方程组的比较

在一个简化的气相化学模式的基础上，比较了Ｈｙｂｒｉｄ、ＱＳＳＡ、Ｓｋｌａｒｅｗ三种计算方案求解非线性化学动力学方程组的差异，并引入误差分配和线性组合两种质量守恒技术，分析它们对模拟结果的影响．研究结果表明：不同方案对有机烃类浓度的计算几乎没有影响，但对其它气态物浓度有一定的影响．用ＱＳＳＡ和Ｓｌａｒｅｗ方案预测的结果更为相近，而采用Ｈｙｂｒｉｄ方案得到的气态物浓度的平衡时间略为提前．从计算效率来看，ＱＳＳＡ方案优于其它两种方案，两种质量守恒技术均能改善模拟结果．     

环境制图中数量特征的表示方法研究

对环境制图中反映数量特征的定点符号法,包括几种连续和分级比率符号、非比率分级符号以及相关内容数量特征的表示进行了具体分析比较.对表示要素数量特征面状分布的网格法和等值线法,也结合实例进行了评述.