碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带结构、分布与发育机制

断裂带通常包括狭窄的断层核与宽阔的破碎带,并对岩石物理及其水力学、流体与渗透性具有重要作用。根据断裂破碎带结构的差异,将碳酸盐岩断层核划分为颗粒支撑、基质支撑与胶结支撑等3种类型,将碳酸盐岩破碎带划分碎裂带与裂缝带。不同类型碳酸盐岩断层核与破碎带形成多种类型组合,并造成断裂破碎带多种复杂的渗流结构。通过井一震资料的结合,可以判识沉积盆地内部较宽的碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带,其宽度一位移关系可以指示断裂破碎带的不同生长方式与机制。复杂内部结构、多期构造成岩作用与non-Andersonian破裂机制可能导致碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带的异常生长,也是碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带机理研究的重要方向。     

Aragonite depositional facies in a Late Ordovician calcite sea,Eastern Laurentia

The Black River (Upper Ordovician – Sandbian) and Trenton (Upper Ordovician – Katian) groups are traditionally interpreted as a deepening-upward succession deposited in a progressively subsiding Appalachian Basin margin that contained warm-water, marine, photozoan deposits that pass upward into cool-water, marine, heterozoan carbonates. This succession is customarily interpreted to reflect an incursion of cold, high-latitude ocean waters into the area. This view is herein confirmed for coeval carbonates in the northern part of the basin, particularly the St. Lawrence Platform. They are now well explained in this study on the basis of recent studies of cool-water carbonates and calcite–aragonite seas. Overall the succession is one of Sandbian photozoan ramp deposits succeeded by Katian heterozoan ramp carbonates that changed back to photozoan ramp deposits prior to the Hirnantian glaciation. The current interpretation, that deposition took place throughout a calcite sea time, seems at odds with this series of strata. Instead it is herein proposed that deposition took place during an aragonite sea time wherein calcite sea-like sediments accumulated under cold ocean-water temperatures. Such an interpretation is supported by recent experimental data that supports the importance of seawater temperature on CaCO₃ polymorph precipitation. If correct, this means that some of the evidence for calcite sea deposition through time brought about by global tectonics, should be re-evaluated to make sure it was not simply cool-water carbonate production.     

Important Development and Significance of Modern Carbonate Stromatolites

Stromatolite, as the representative of recorder in the early life history of the Earth, has been traced back from 3.5 billion years to 3.7 billion years ago. Stromatolites do provide indirect evidence for the existence of early life on the Earth, especially the composition of modern carbonate stromatolites, which further proves that stromatolites are calcified structures of cyanobacterial mats. Among the modern carbonate stromatolites, the following examples have been studied for a long time: Coarse stromatolites on the platform of Bahamas, fine stromatolites in the ultra-salinity environment of Australia and ultra-salinity lagoon of southeastern Brazil. Based on the predecessors' research results, by tracing the growth mechanism of modern carbonate stromatolites and the complex microbial activities and deposition processes, the formation of stromatolites in the middle of the Zhangxia Formation of Cambrian in the Huolianzhai section of Benxi is obviously different from that of modern carbonate stromatolites, which indicates that the sedimentary model of modern stromatolites cannot be fully applied in the ancient stromatolites. Therefore, the comparison between modern carbonate stromatolites and ancient stromatolites provides a rich way to further understand the construction of Cambrian stromatolites and microbial carbonate factory.     

Exploring the dating of “dirty” speleothems and cave sinters using radiocarbon dating of preserved organic matter

Speleothems and other carbonate deposits such as tufa containing high proportions of detrital material can be difficult to chemically date due to detrital thorium levels causing a high level of error in conventional U-Th disequilibrium dating. Here we investigate the use of an alternative technique centring on radiocarbon dating of organic matter preserved within the detrital fraction. Non-acid soluble humic, particulate and detritally absorbed organic matter was recovered from eight samples from a flowstone sinter formed within a roman aqueduct at Trento in Italy with a maximum age of 100 CE (1850 cal yr BP), and two repeat samples from a dripstone formed within the 20th Century on a wire fence at Lilly-Pilly Cave, Buchan Caves Reserve in Victoria, Australia. In the aqueduct samples the median calibrated ¹⁴C ages ranged from 2232 to 2889 cal yr BP, with 95.4% probability age range in the youngest and oldest samples of 2153–2337 and 2342–3449 cal yr BP respectively. The median age of the more modern dripstone was 336 cal yr BP, with a 95.4% probability age range of 148–486 cal yr BP. These results provide very approximate ball-park estimates of the age of the sample, but are consistently too old when compared to the known maximum ages of formation. It is hypothesised that this offset is due to a combination of the nature of the organic carbon transported from the source organic matter pools, and reworking of both modern and old organic carbon by in situ microbial communities.     

地震反Q滤波应用于碳酸盐岩储层特征描述

塔里木盆地塔河地区的奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层埋藏深,其深度超过5000 m,储集体类型以裂缝、缝洞为主,储层的纵向和横向上都具有极强的非均质性.这些特点导致反射地震数据的信噪比低、分辨率低,从而使得碳酸盐岩储层特征描述的难度增大.针对这些问题,本文运用稳定化反Q滤波方法对塔河地区的三维地震数据进行提高分辨率处理,同步实现地震振幅补偿和子波相位校正.处理结果与原始地震数据进行地震剖面面貌、储层内幕信息、断裂缝洞刻画等方面的直接对比,一方面展示反Q滤波方法在提高分辨率、提高弱反射能量、以及增强反射同相轴的空间连续性等方面的优势,同时展示稳定化反Q滤波方法能够提高对奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞储集体的特征描述精度.     

碳酸盐团簇同位素在沉积盆地热演化中的应用——以塔里木盆地顺托果勒地区为例

塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层是近年来油气勘探的热点.然而,由于碳酸盐岩地层缺乏有效的古温标,极大的制约了热历史的研究.团簇同位素作为一种新的有效古温标,为碳酸盐岩地层的热历史恢复提供了可能.本文通过测试塔里木盆地顺托果勒地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层中不同结构组分的团簇同位素,利用固态重排模型重建了塔里木盆地顺托果勒地区不同构造单元的奥陶纪以来的热历史.塔里木盆地顺北、顺托和顺南地区泥晶基质的团簇同位素温度(TΔ47)平均值分别为92.34℃、124.35℃和170.27℃,除了顺南地区SN501井和SN4井外,其他的所有样品在最高埋藏温度下尚未达到完全热平衡,可用于热历史重建.通过对顺托果勒地区典型单井设置不同的热史路径,进而明确最高埋藏温度的上限为170～190℃.此外,二叠纪的异常高温可能是地层抬升剥蚀和岩浆活动热事件共同作用的结果,顺托果勒地区二叠纪地温梯度范围为26～46℃/km,呈现西北高东南低的趋势,地温梯度的空间变化表明可能与岩浆活动有关,且岩浆活动中心可能位于塔北地区附近,岩浆活动造成热响应可能在SN3井附近终止.     

库车褶皱冲断带东秋里塔格位移转换构造及其演化--兼论侧断坡相关背斜构造圈闭的形成

库车褶皱冲断带东秋里塔格构造带发育与侧断坡有关的位移转换构造.东秋里塔格冲断层是一条北倾盲冲断层,其错移地层自西向东逐渐降低,从东秋5井以西的新近系膏盐岩转换至迪那201井的古近系膏盐岩再到迪那11井的侏罗系煤系,地震剖面上侧断坡形态清晰.侧断坡东、西断坪分别是新近系吉迪克组膏盐岩和侏罗系煤系,侧断坡发育在煤上-盐下构造地层组合中.通过DQ99-196、DQ00-226、DQ00-263等构造演化剖面恢复计算,东秋里塔格构造盐上地层位移梯度向西约为103.72m/km,而盐下东秋-迪那段的位移梯度为61.65m/km.在上述地震剖面上,盐上背斜和盐下隐伏背斜的轴线位置发生了相对变化,后者自东向西逐渐向南发生偏移;野外露头观察,盐上背斜的褶皱作用也随之向西增强.在走向上,东秋里塔格构造具有构造分段性,表明侧断坡的位移量变化具有突发性.西段为库车塔吾构造,东段为东秋-迪那构造.库车塔吾构造的盐下隐伏背斜是受东秋里塔格冲断层控制的断层相关褶皱,前、后断坪分别位于吉迪克组膏盐岩和侏罗系煤系,其隐伏的构造楔与南秋里塔格背冲断层组成库车塔吾三角带.东秋-迪那构造的隐伏背斜样式与库车塔吾段相似;但南翼缺乏背冲断层,不具备三角带形态.磷灰石裂变径迹测年表明,侧断坡的发育过程最早可以追索到康村期.东秋里塔格侧断坡相关背斜的形成与自北向南的盲冲断层和区域左行扭压复合作用有关.侧断坡相关背斜的主要构造特征是由侧断坡调节上、下滑脱层之间的应变差异,同时作为油气运移通道沟通气源岩和储层;其油气勘探意义是使得煤系烃源岩生成的天然气向上运移到侧断坡相关背斜构造圈闭如迪那2之中聚集成藏.     

黄河与长江入海沉积物中碳酸盐含量和矿物颗粒形态特征及影响因素

利用X射线物相分析、扫描电镜及能谱分析等方法分析了长江和黄河入海沉积物矿物颗粒形态特征及不同粒级的碳酸盐矿物百分含量分布。结果表明,长江和黄河入海沉积物的碳酸盐矿物含量均在9%左右,差异不大。长江碳酸盐矿物含量在粗粒级较高,随着粒度变细波动式降低,黄河碳酸盐矿物含量则随粒度变细而逐步增加;黄河方解石含量高而白云石低,长江的情况正好相反。长江和黄河入海沉积物中的白云石颗粒大多比较完整,侵蚀沿完全解理面发生,菱面体形态明显。长江白云石上可以见到大量的磨蚀和溶蚀形态。黄河白云石保存较好,侵蚀程度较低,磨蚀和碰撞形态明显,溶蚀形态很少,发现典型的马鞍状白云石颗粒。长江和黄河的方解石均遭受强烈侵蚀。长江方解石溶蚀特征特别明显,深入矿物颗粒内部。黄河方解石侵蚀深度相对浅表,侵蚀形态多为磨蚀、碰撞和溶蚀等物理和化学综合侵蚀特征。长江某些方解石表面布满细小鲕状方解石颗粒,似为局部自由空间的胶体-陈化成因特征。黄河方解石呈现多个次生微晶集合体,显示其黄土粘粒空隙胶结物成因形态。碳酸盐矿物的菱面体形态和菱面体完全解理所特有的60°和120°交角,是其电镜下的最佳识别特征。长江和黄河沉积物物源、流域风化强度以及矿物晶体结构本身的特...