Surface Geophysical Methods used to Verify the Karst Geological Structure in the Built-up Area: A Case Study of Specific Engineering-Geological Conditions

This article presents a research study of complex limestone karst engineering-geological conditions in the municipality Valaská near Banská Bystrica in Slovakia. The aim of the study is to demonstrate the impossibility of spatial identification of cave spaces using surface geophysical methods due to the specific engineering-geological conditions of a thick surface layer of anthropogenic fill containing highly heterogeneous anthropogenic material. Its maximum thickness is 3 m. Another specificific condition of the study area is its location in the built-up area, due to which the applicability of geophysical methods was limited. The article contains methodological recommendations to be used in analogous geological conditions with karst structures topped with anthropogenic fill, which complicates the identification of cave spaces. The recommended solution herein is the identification of the cave system using underground mapping of the karst and its projection onto the surface for which surface geophysical methods have been combined.     

四川盆地东部中二叠统茅口组热液活动特征

四川盆地中二叠统茅口组存在丰富的热液流体活动。在野外剖面和岩心观察的基础上,利用多种分析测试方法,对四川盆地东部茅口组碳酸盐岩中的热液活动特征进行了探讨。研究区茅口组热液活动包括2类,一类为硅质热液,表现为薄层硅质岩或硅质团块;另一类为碳酸盐型热液,表现为粗晶方解石和白云石充填在张性构造裂缝中或呈"雪片状"集合体,偶见少量黄铁矿、闪锌矿等金属硫化物伴生。硅质岩主量元素之间的关系表明硅质来源具有多样性,是热液硅与壳源硅的混合;黄铁矿、闪锌矿原位S同位素δ34S介于-3.91‰~-6.87‰之间,推测可能受到了微生物和基性岩浆岩的双重影响;方解石脉和具鞍状双晶的白云石脉普遍具有Ca O高于标准计量、相对富Sr和U、贫REE和Ti、Ce/Ce*明显负异常、Eu/Eu*主体正异常、Y正异常等特征,表明碳酸盐脉为热液活动的产物,流体来源也呈现出火山活动相关流体与富钙地下水混合的特点。闪锌矿富集Ge和Cd,Zn/Cd及Zn/Fe值反映了中等成矿温度。硅质岩和碳酸盐流体包裹体均一温度变化范围较大,介于54.7~294.3℃之间,与稀土元素和微量元素比值所揭示的特征吻合。研究结果表明,穿层状硅质结核和团块的首次出现往往标志着茅口组热液活动的开始,而张性构造裂缝和碳酸盐型热液活动带来的围岩白云化作用则有效地改善了白云岩储集层的物性。     

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系盐下白云岩储层特征、成因及分布

奥陶系盐下白云岩储层是鄂尔多斯盆地中东部天然气勘探的重要接替领域。基于钻井岩心、微观薄片、物性分析及地球化学特征等资料,应用微区多参数实验分析方法,对奥陶系盐下白云岩储层特征、成因与分布开展了系统研究。结果表明:①奥陶系盐下主要发育颗粒滩白云岩和微生物白云岩储层,其中颗粒滩白云岩储层岩性为砂屑白云岩、鲕粒白云岩和粉—细晶白云岩,储集空间由溶蚀孔洞、粒间孔、晶间(溶)孔和裂缝组成,平均孔隙度为6.04%;微生物白云岩储层岩性为凝块石白云岩,储集空间为溶蚀孔洞和微裂缝,平均孔隙度为5.64%。②奥陶系盐下白云岩储层孔隙来源于对颗粒滩和微生物丘中原生孔隙的继承,并经受了溶蚀作用、白云石化作用,以及膏盐矿物、石英、细—中晶白云石与方解石等充填作用的改造。③有利储层主要分布于中央古隆起、横山隆起及乌审旗坳陷中的低凸起带上。     

Silurian and Devonian systems

The Ediacara mineral field is situated 30 km W of Beltana on the western margins of the Flinders Ranges, South Australia, and consists of silver‐lead and copper deposits in lower Cambrian carbonate rocks that contain anomalous base‐metal contents throughout the Adelaide Geosyncline. The lower Cambrian rocks, which consist of the basal Parachilna Formation and overlying Ajax Limestone, rest disconformably on the Precambrian, and at Ediacara occupy a shallow N‐S elongate syncline near the hinge zone of the Adelaide Geosyncline. The main primary ore minerals of the silver‐lead mineralization are galena and pyrite, with very minor chalcopyrite and sphalerite, and rare tetrahedrite and pearceite. The gangue consists mainly of silica (both chalcedony and quartz), with minor dolomite and rare barite. The mineralization is stratabound and occurs in conformable zones, the lowest of which commences about 30–50 m above the base of the Cambrian sequence. The host to the silver‐lead mineralization, the Ajax Limestone, can be subdivided into three units which represent a set of lithologies, structures and organic traces indicative of a shallow near‐shore carbonate environment. The silver‐lead mineralization is mainly present in sandy and laminated dolomites which were deposited in an environment ranging from sub‐tidal to bar and channel and tidal flat, respectively. Four types of mineralization have been recognized; disseminated sulphides of syngenetic and/or diagenetic origin and epigenetic concentrations along stylolites, in veins and as breccia fillings. Post‐depositional solution activity has affected a large proportion of the carbonate sequence. The effects of this activity range from stylolites through stylobreccias to solution collapse breccias. The epigenetic concentrations of mineralizations have apparently been formed by the remobilization of the disseminated sulphides during solution activity. The ore and gangue minerals of the epigenetic mineralization display both euhedral forms and distinct colloform banding, and framboidal textures have also been observed in both pyrite and galena. There is evidence of repeated episodic precipitation and no simple paragenetic sequence can be recognized. Fluid inclusions in silica and dolomite associated with the epigenetic mineralization have homogenization temperatures of 159 to 199°C and freezing temperatures that indicate the fluids to be saline brines containing NaCl with CaCl₂ and/or MgCl₂. Sulphur isotope analyses show a range of 8³⁴S values from ‐12.5 to +8.6 per mil, with no evidence of significant differences between the four types of mineralization. The data suggest deposition of the disseminated sulphides as a result of biological reduction of seawater sulphate in a system partially open with respect to sulphate supply. Subsequent remobilization of sulphides apparently involved little or no sulphur isotope fractionation. The Ediacara silver‐lead deposits have many features in common with Mississippi Valley‐type lead‐zinc deposits and appear to have similarities in terms of genesis, in that the epigenetic mineralization has been formed as a result of post‐depositional solution activity during diagenesis in a sedimentary basin. The scale of transport of the metals deposited as the epigenetic mineralization at Ediacara appears, however, to have been very much less than that of the metals in other Mississippi Valley‐type deposits.     

SHRIMP zircon age for an Early Cambrian dolerite dyke: An intrusive phase of the Antrim Plateau Volcanics of northern Australia

The Antrim Plateau Volcanics, Australia's largest Phanerozoic flood‐basalt province, originally covered an area of at least 300 000 km² across northern Australia. Stratigraphic constraints indicate that the Antrim Plateau Volcanics are of Early Cambrian age (ca 545–509 Ma), although previous attempts to date the Antrim basalts by radiometric methods have been inconclusive. We present an ion microprobe U–Pb zircon age of 513 ± 12 Ma for the ～250 km‐long Milliwindi dolerite dyke in the west Kimberley. The dolerite is geochemically identical to basalts of the Antrim Plateau Volcanics, and was probably a feeder dyke for basalts that have since been eroded. It is suggested that the Antrim Plateau Volcanics extended hundreds of kilometres further to the west than recognised previously and may have once covered part of the Kimberley block.     

东秦岭寒武纪构造古地理概况

本文提出寒武纪以商丹断裂带为界,东秦岭地区北部属中朝板块南部陆缘区,为主动大陆边缘,以双列岛弧为特征;中部和南部属杨子板块北部陆缘区,由两隆(大陆区北缘和中秦岭微板块)—凹(南秦岭盆地)组成,为被动大陆边缘。     

川东及邻区上二叠统生物礁的白云岩化

白云岩化是川东及邻区上二叠统礁体的重要成岩事件。根据矿物岩石学、X光衍射、流体包裹体、碳氧稳定同位素、微量元素及阴极发光等项目的研究,笔者认为,礁体白云岩主要是埋藏交代成因,礁顶有少量微-粉晶白云岩为潮坪成因。本文着重讨论礁体围岩为生屑灰岩的埋藏压实流体白云岩化模式,简述礁控白云岩储集特征及其成因。在此研究基础上,提出了一个白云石结构成因分类方案。     

甘肃的寒武系

寒武系主要分布于北山、祁连山、河西走廊及陕甘宁盆地。根据沉积岩相及动物地理区系分为三大沉积区和７个沉积分区：北山沉积区分为下统双鹰山组、中统大豁落井组、上统西双鹰山组；祁连山沉积区未见下统，中统月牙山群、黑茨沟群和格尔莫沟群，上统香毛山群；华北沉积区下统未分，中统毛庄组、徐庄组和张夏组，上统仅见崮山组。三大沉积区的动物群分别为东南型（除早寒武世外）、过渡型和华北型。寒武系下界相当于滇东的沧浪铺阶之底界，并与震旦系冰碛层呈平行不整合接触。寒武纪岩相古地理轮廓受当时的地壳变动和气候条件所控制。早寒武世中晚期开始海侵，在北山沉积区之西部呈海湾，在陕甘宁盆地西缘呈浅海陆棚，省内其余地区（除西秦岭外）呈古陆状态。中寒武世广泛海侵，在祁连山形成海槽，且地壳运动加剧，火山喷发活动频繁。晚寒武世大规模海退，仅在北山局部地区、祁连山西段和陕甘宁盆地有沉积，其余均为古陆状态。     

东山峰背斜寒武系地层中硼锂元素的指相意义

东山峰背斜寒武系地层分布区内，Ｂ，Ｌｉ元素的水系沉积物测量平均值分别为１７７．７８×１０－６、２２０．０×１０－６，衬值分别为２．３２、５．０７，Ｒｂ／ｋ比值为０．００６２。这些地球化学特征具典型的指相意义，反映出本区在早寒武世晚期至中、晚寒武世期间为一高盐度、强蒸发的泻湖相沉积环境，可与现代盐湖相环境类比。     

双密度重叠找气新方法

本文根据岩石孔隙中的天然气引起介电测井孔隙度减小和密度测井孔隙度增大的原理,建立了双密度重叠找气新方法,消除了岩性的影响,提高了测井找气的分辨率,增加了评价气层的直观性。该方法用于寻找陕甘宁盆地低孔隙白云岩气藏,获得了明显的地质效果。这种方法还可以在其它储层岩性气藏中应用。