Structural,metamorphic and geochronological record in the Goszów quartzites of the Orlica–Śnieżnik Dome (SW Poland): implications for the polyphase Variscan tectonometamorphism of the Saxothuringian terrane

This integrated study on the pressure–temperature–deformation‐time record of the Goszów light quartzites from the Młynowiec–Stronie Group (Sudety Mts., SW Poland) provides new data that improve our understanding of the structure and geodynamic development of the Orlica–Śnieżnik Dome (OSD) as a Gondwana‐derived unit involved in the formation of the Variscan orogen. The structural and metamorphic record of the Goszów light quartzites, when compared to the under‐ and overlying rock formations, indicates that the whole Młynowiec–Stronie Group in the eastern part of the Saxothuringian terrane functioned as a single, integral lithotectonic unit with no visible structural or metamorphic discontinuities. The sequence of structures and thermodynamic modelling indicate that the light quartzites underwent the same polyphase tectonometamorphic evolution as the adjacent rocks belonging to the Młynowiec–Stronie Group. The development of tight, N–S‐trending folds and axial penetrative metamorphic foliation was related to metamorphic progression from 500 °C to 640 °C at 6–7 kbar. Subsequently, under the retrogressive conditions below 540 °C, the foliation was reactivated as a result of subsequent N–S‐directed ductile shearing and extension. Therefore, the study of the light quartzites exemplifies the penetrative structures in the OSD, and the metamorphic foliation and N–S‐trending lineation are composite structures. The monazite metamorphic ages of ca. 364 Ma and 335 Ma may be related to the approximately E–W‐ and N–S‐oriented tectonic movements, respectively, which occurred during the amalgamation of the Saxothuringian terrane with Brunovistulia. In contrast, the previously unknown early Palaeozoic monazite age of ca. 494 Ma is interpreted as the protolith age of the light quartzites. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

江油市敬元乡新房村17社滑坡稳定性分析

在分析滑坡地质环境背景,平剖面形态、特征及其诱因的基础上,使用传递系数法计算滑坡体稳定系数.结果表明,天然工况下基本稳定,暴雨工况下欠稳定,地震工况下不稳定.并拟定抗滑桩及改河工程防治方案,以保证村庄和河道安全.     

Formation pumping of molecular hydrogen in the Messier 17 photodissociation region

We have imaged the emission from the near-infrared   v =1–0  S(1), 1–0 S(7), 2–1 S(1) and 6–4 O(3) lines of molecular hydrogen in the Northern and South Western Bars of M17, together with the hydrogen Br γ and Br10 lines. This includes the first emission-line image ever to be obtained of a line from the highly excited   v =6  level of molecular hydrogen. In both Bars, the H₂ emission is generally distributed in clumps along filamentary features. The 1–0 S(1) and 2–1 S(1) images have similar morphologies. Together with their relative line ratios, this supports a fluorescent origin for their emission, within a photodissociation region. The SW-Bar contains a clumpy medium, but in the N-Bar the density is roughly constant. The 1–0 S(7) line image is also similar to the 1–0 S(1) image, but the 6–4 O(3) image is significantly different from it. Since the emission wavelengths of these two lines are similar (1.748 to 1.733 μm), this cannot be due to differential extinction between the   v =6  and the   v =1  lines. We attribute the difference to the pumping of newly formed H₂ into the   v =6  , or to a nearby, level. However, this also requires a time-dependent photodissociation region (where molecule formation does not balance dissociation), rather than it to be in steady state, and/or for the formation spectrum to vary with position in the source. If this interpretation of formation pumping of molecular hydrogen is correct, it is the first clear signature from this process to be seen.     

Physical model study of wave and current conditions at 17th Street Canal breach due to Hurricane Katrina

A 1:50 scale physical model was constructed for the 17th Street Canal region, New Orleans, on the southern coast of Lake Pontchartrain, as part of the Interagency Performance Evaluation Task Force (IPET) study of Hurricane Katrina. The purpose of the 1350 m² physical model that represented about 3.4 km² of the local area was to aid in defining wave and water velocity conditions in the 17th Street Canal during the time period leading up to the breaching of the floodwall within the Canal. In the immediate period following this disaster, there were many hypothesis of failure put forth in the media. Some of these hypothesis indicated wave action may have been the underlying cause of the failure of the 17th Street Canal floodwall. Some performed numerical work with inappropriate boundary conditions, which indicated strong wave-generated currents may have caused erosion along the floodwalls. This physical model study indicated a number of wave-attenuating processes occurring as waves approached the location of the breach. Wave height reduction resulted due to: (1) refraction of wave energy over the shallower submerged land areas surrounding the harbor away from the canal; (2) reflection of energy off vertical walls in the region between the entrance to the canal near the Coast Guard Harbor and the bridge; and (3) interaction of the wave with the Hammond Highway bridge, including reflection and transmission loss. Wave heights near the lakeside of the bridge were 0.3-0.9 m in height, reduced from 1.8 to 2.7 m wave heights in the open lake. Waves on the south side of the bridge, near the breach, were further reduced to heights below 0.3 m. These results supported the conclusion that waves were not a significant factor for the 17th Street Canal floodwall failure. Other IPET investigations determined floodwall failure was of a geotechnical nature due to the high surge water level. The physical model also provided calibration information for numerical wave models. The effects of debris on flow and waves after the breach was formed were also investigated.     

Distribution of Delphinidae (Cetacea) in relation to sea surface temperatures off Eastern and Southern New Zealand

Records of four species of Delphinidae, Delphinus delphis, Lissodelphis peroni, Lagenorhynchus obscurus, and Lagenorhynchus cruciger in waters to the east and south‐east of New Zealand are discussed in relation to surface temperatures.

In this region D. delphis appears to be largely confined north of the Subtropical Convergence and a minimum surface temperature of about 14°c, and near New Zealand from Hawke Bay southward in the warm water of the East Cape Current; L. peroni to the Subtropical Convergence and the subantarctic water to the south of it, between surface temperatures of 9°c and 16°c; L. obscurus to the immediate vicinity of the Subtropical Convergence and surface temperatures in summer of about 14° to 15°c, and L. cruciger across the Antarctic Convergence region, in a surface temperature range of 2° to 9°c.     

Vitellogenin as biomarker for estrogenicity in flounder Platichthys flesus in the field and exposed to 17α-ethinylestradiol via food and water in the laboratory

The ability of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) to elevate vitellogenin levels were investigated in male flounder Platichthys flesus and vitellogenin concentrations in flounders from the Danish coastal environment were determined. Male flounders were exposed to 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) via food or water. Average vitellogenin concentrations in the control fish ranged between 25 and 100 ng mL⁻¹. Exposure to 5.1, 8.1 and 16.8 ng EE2 L⁻¹ in water and 500 and 5000 ng EE2 kg⁻¹ body weight (bw) every second day in the food increased the plasma vitellogenin concentration in a concentration and time dependent manner, whereas exposure to 2.7 ng EE2 L⁻¹ in water for 21 d and 5 and 50 ng EE2 kg⁻¹ bw for 12 days in the food did not. EE2 could be detected in liver and testes (but not in muscle) after exposure to 8.1 and 16.8 ng EE2 L⁻¹ in the water and 5000 ng EE2 kg⁻¹ bw in the food; the highest concentration was 6 ng g⁻¹ wet weight in liver. The majority of the male flounders collected from nine coastal Danish sites from 1999 to 2004 had vitellogenin concentrations below 100 ng mL⁻¹, and only at two sites moderate estrogenic inputs were indicated.     

稳定同位素质谱与同位素光谱结合的方法分析氧同位素17O/16O

传统的氧同位素分析方法一般将各种形式的氧转化为CO2,再通过稳定同位素质谱测定其氧同位素组成,由于二氧化碳中的17O和13C在质谱中有相同的质荷比m/z,这种方法不能测得17O同位素的丰度,三氧同位素(16O、17O、18O)丰度分析的关键是17O同位素丰度的分析.为了测量17O同位素丰度,一般需要先将各种形式的氧转化为O2,然后利用稳定同位素质谱进行分析,转化过程复杂或者有危险.本文提出了一种新思路,应用稳定同位素质谱与碳同位素光谱相结合的方法分析17O/16O.先采用传统方法将各种形式的氧转化为CO2,再由多接收器稳定同位素质谱计测得CO2的质谱峰高比45/44(记为R45),同位素光谱如光腔衰荡光谱测得13C/12C(定义为R13),计算其同位素比值17O/16O=(R45-R13)/2,方法的分析精度好于±0.08‰(1σ).该方法是在传统方法的基础上,增加一个CO2碳同位素光谱分析步骤,通过简单的数据处理就可以获得17O同位素组成,而无需将各种形式的氧转化为O2,18O同位素样品制备方法成熟,无危险性,且分析精度优于或相当于其他测试方法.     

极地雪冰中过量~(17)O研究进展

过量~(17)O是当前水体稳定同位素研究的前沿领域,在极地雪冰研究中备受关注。本文系统地介绍了水循环过程中过量~(17)O研究的基本原理和实验方法,在此基础上,重点评述了极地雪冰中过量~(17)O研究的最新进展,包括过量~(17)O的影响因素、空间分布特征、季节变化、末次冰盛期-全新世过量~(17)O演化特征,并针对极地雪冰过量~(17)O研究尚未解决的科学问题对未来的工作进行了展望。