液态乳及乳粉中硝酸盐的污染分析

采用固相萃取-离子色谱法和国家标准中化学法(镉柱还原光度法)分析石家庄市售110份液态乳及奶粉中硝酸盐含量.离子色谱法中将制备好的样品加入适量乙酸沉淀蛋白,离心取上清液,通过固相萃取柱去除脂肪等疏水性化合物,采用AS1 1-HC型阴离子色谱柱进行分析,同时对液态乳样品采用镉柱还原法进行比对实验.两种方法测得液态乳中硝酸盐的平均含量分别为10.05 mg/kg和9.95 mg/kg,奶粉中硝酸盐的平均含量分别为25.74 mg/kg和25.66 mg/kg.经t检验分析,显示=0.07,P＞0.05,即无显著性差异,研究结果证实了离子色谱法的准确性,实验过程也进一步验证了离子色谱法的简易性.依据我国目前对乳粉中硝酸盐的限量要求,所测乳粉中的硝酸盐均在限量规定范围内,对食用的安全性不产生负面影响;而液态乳中的硝酸盐进行污染评价发现,超标率大约为14％.     

轻非水相液体在不同粒径多孔介质中的运移与分布特性

通过二维砂槽模型模拟柴油在不同粒径多孔介质中运移与分布试验,由图像分析法获取油流锋面及其二维空间分布图,探讨其在不同粒径多孔介质中的迁移与分布特性。试验表明:轻非水相液体的入渗速度与方向受毛细水分和介质粒径的大小影响,也受介质的接触面及结构裂隙的影响;它随地下水位波动而重新分布;其在毛细区和粒径越小的介质中,残留现象越明显,污染越严重。研究它的迁移与分布规律,对于防治地下水和土壤污染有着重要的意义。     

Adsorption and affinity of Escherichia coli to different aggregate sizes of a silty clay soil

The sediments produced by water erosion are the main source of pollution of agricultural origin of surface water bodies. These sediments may be associated to bacteria, compromising the quality of nearby water bodies. Therefore, to understand this biological contamination, it is necessary to find out the adsorption capacity and bacterial affmity to aggregate sizes that may result in a differential sedimentation. To this end, in the present work, the distribution, adsorption capacity and affinity to different aggregate sizes of two strains of Escherichia coli in two liquid media of contrasting ionic strength were evaluated in a silty clay soil. The 〈2 μm fraction showed a higher proportion of bacteria than the other aggregate sizes （48%）, whereas among the fractions 〉2 μm, the 20-50μm fraction was the one that showed the highest bacterial adsorption in both liquid media （37.9%）. On the other hand, the highest values of bacterial affinity were found in the 20 to 50 lain fraction （coarse silt） in the low ionic strength media and 20--50 and 〉50 μm in the high ionic strength media. However, the bacterial strains used revealed only some trends in the modification of these variables. This work contributes to the development and implementation of strategies to mitigate pollution, such as control of sediment generation and its subsequent capture in filter strips.     

Effects of perforated baffle on reducing sloshing in rectangular tank: Experimental and numerical study

A liquid sloshing experimental rig driven by a wave-maker is designed and built to study liquid sloshing problems in a rectangular liquid tank with perforated baffle. A series of experiments are conducted in this experimental rig to estimate the free surface fluctuation and pressure distribution by changing external excitation frequency of the shaking table. An in-house CFD code is also used in this study to simulate the liquid sloshing in three-dimensional （3D） rectangular tank with perforated baffle. Good agreements of free surface elevation and pressure between the numerical results and the experimental data are obtained and presented. Spectral analysis of the time history of free surface elevation is conducted by using the fast Fourier transformation.     

基于康普顿背散射扫描技术的液体安检仪

DLS1201机是一种高度智能化、小型轻便、多功能的检查仪,是国内外唯一的基于康普顿背散射扫描（CBS）技术研制成功的安全检查设备。本文对其技术要点和技术指标作了简要说明,并与国内外其他安检仪作了对比。     

Sedimentation model and analysis for differential settling of two - particle - size suspensions in the Stokes region

A model is developed for predicting the settling velocity in suspensions of particles of two different sizes based on experimental data for the settling rate of two-size suspensions in various liquids using particles of equal density. In these experiments, the retarding effect of the smaller particles on the settling velocities of the larger ones is taken into account. The model considers Steinour’s fundamental equation and assumes a fixed arrangement of particles and constant velocity in a single-size susp...     

罗布泊荒漠地区湖泊蒸发盐资源的形成及环境演化

通过地球卫星遥感资料和地面调查以及化学测试等综合研究, 证实罗布泊地区存在大型现代液体钾盐矿床. 用钻探材料及系统分析方法重建了20 ka BP以来湖泊沉积序列和环境物性柱剖面, 用天然水体五元体系稳定相图讨论了古湖泊湖水及现代湖水的饱和流结晶路线及成盐成矿演化趋势. 结果证明, 液体钾盐矿床的分布及成钾成矿环境受现代地壳运动作用下新生地堑构造系统的控制.     

Distributed TLDs in RC floors and their vibration reduction efficiency

A novel distributed tuned liquid damper （DTLD） for reducing vibration in structures is proposed in this paper. The basic working principle of the DTLDs is to fill the empty space inside the pipes or boxes of cast-in-situ hollow reinforced concrete （RC） floor slabs with water or other liquid. The pipes or boxes then work as a series of small TLDs inside the structure, to increase the damping ratio of the entire structural system. Numerical simulation that accounts for the fluid- structure conpling effect is carried out to evaluate the vibration-reduction efficiency of the DTLDs. The results show that the DTLDs are able to considerably increase the damping of the structure and thus reduce its vibration. An additional benefit is that the DTLDs do not require architectural space to be added to the structure.     

轻非水相液体污染过程的高密度电阻率成像法室内监测

为探讨高密度电阻率成像法监测多孔介质中轻非水相液体迁移过程的有效性,本文通过三维砂槽进行了非饱和带中轻非水相液体的污染试验,并利用高密度电阻率成像法进行了同步的动态监测.试验之后,将砂槽层层挖开,通过数码成像,获取了污染区域的实际范围与形状.结果表明,由高密度电阻率成像法圈定的污染区域在范围与形状上都与实际的结果比较接近,并可通过三维电阻率相对值的时间变化明显的看出轻非水相液体的污染过程.这说明利用高密度电阻率成像法对非饱和多孔介质中轻非水相液体的空间分布范围进行圈定并监测其迁移过程是完全可行的.     

DNAPL场地污染通量升尺度预测的敏感性分析

重非水相液体(DNAPL)污染问题日益严重。为评估DNAPL污染场地的环境风险, 常采用升尺度模型推估DNAPL污染源区溶解相的质量通量(溶解通量)。由于升尺度模型中的参数较多, 调查成本较高, 因此需筛选模型中的关键参数, 指导实际污染场地设计合理的观测数据采集方案。首先对升尺度模型中6个参数(地下水平均流速q、标准化浓度C₀/Ceq、离散状DNAPL质量比例GF₀、初始时刻离散状DNAPL贡献的通量比例f_g、拟合参数β₁及β₂)开展全局敏感性分析, 识别其中关键参数, 进而采用局部敏感性分析定量化关键参数的变化对通量预测的影响。研究结果表明, 参数q、C₀/Ceq、GF₀和f_g对通量预测有较大影响。q和C₀/Ceq在整个衰减过程中敏感性均相对较高, GF₀和f_g随着衰减过程的进行, 敏感性不断增高, 分别在衰减中后期和后期达到峰值; 对于不同结构的污染源区, q或C₀/Ceq增大时, 通量的增幅基本不变。随着污染源区中离散状DNAPL和池状DNAPL间的质量比例(GTP)增大, GF₀或f_g增大时, 其对通量预测的影响不断增大或减小。因此在预测溶解通量时需将调查成本重点应用于q和C₀/Ceq; 在合理设计污染源区修复方案时, 应重点调查GF₀; 在预测污染源区寿命时, f_g为重要调查对象; 对于所有结构的污染源区, q和C₀/Ceq均为重要调查对象, 对于GTP较大的污染源区, 应将调查成本重点应用于GF₀, 对于GTP较小的污染源区, 应重点调查f_g。