山西西山煤田7号煤层成因类型研究

煤的成因类型通过煤的有机显微组成、矿物成分等来体现。从微观研究的角度出发，以各子样的显微煤岩组分统计值、镜惰比（V/I）、骨基比（F／M）、矿物质含量为依据，对西山煤田屯兰煤矿7号煤进行成因类型划分，分为4类6型，即Ⅰ-①、Ⅲ-①、Ⅲ-②、Ⅳ-①、Ⅳ-②、Ⅴ-①。自下而上对煤层划分了23个成因分层。7煤层以Ⅳ类成因类型为主，沉积了覆水森林沼泽环境。     

黄海两钻孔岩芯的古地磁分析

本文利用沉积物中泥炭层C14的年龄测定,把样品极性方向与A·Cox的极性年表加以对比,发现在黄海两个钻孔的沉积物中有与布容正向期内拉尚反向事件相对应的层位,并估算了沉积物生成年代及该海域的沉积速率     

推广普及浅钻技术 提高地质勘查效果

黑龙江省是一个地理景观条件、地质构造和成矿地质条件复杂的省份、地质勘查和矿产勘查难度较大。为了提高地质找矿效果和基础地质研究程度，使矿产资源与资源预测取得重大突破，除加强成矿理论研究及其原始创新外，提高整体勘查科学技术水平、加快高新技术应用十分必要。近年来，北京探工研究所以及勘探所等单位在浅钻技术与装备研究上取得了重大进展，所研制的钻深1米、5米、10米等浅钻系列，已在我省森林沼泽区地质填图工作中试验成功并取得良好效果。经实践证明浅钻技术具有不破坏森林、草原、保护环境等突出特点。可改变长期以来靠人工挖探槽、浅井进行浅部地质工程验证的技术落后局面，缩短了与国际水平的差距。笔者认为，浅钻技术在我省地质填图、物化探异常查证、矿产普查及城市地质等领域推广应用极为重要。     

东北哈尼泥炭腐殖化度古气候意义及区域对比

不同地区泥炭腐殖化度指示的古气候意义存在着分歧。运用碱提取溶液吸光度法对东北哈尼泥炭腐殖化度进行测定,结合14C测年数据的年代框架,对比东北哈尼、神农架大九湖、青藏高原红原、福建天湖山地区泥炭腐殖化度气候代用指标,分析不同地区泥炭腐殖化度古气候意义异同的原因。结果表明:哈尼泥炭腐殖化度的古气候意义包含温度-湿度组合,较高的腐殖化度指示气候温暖潮湿,较低的腐殖化度指示气候干燥寒冷;从哈尼、红原、大九湖、天湖山泥炭腐殖化度时间序列的对比可以得出,虽然其古气候意义有所不同,但其记录的中国全新世古气候环境演变趋势大体相同,都反映了中国早全新世阶段的升温现象、中全新世的大暖期现象及晚全新世阶段的降温;温度、湿度、季风、经纬度及地质地貌等因素都对泥炭腐殖化度有影响,但水热条件是直接影响,其他因素通过对水热条件的改变而间接影响腐殖化度;阐述不同区域泥炭腐殖化度的古气候意义没有固定模式,需结合当地的地理位置、地质地貌、年均气温、季风、降水、植被等情况进行具体分析。     

我国地调工作重点迎来调整期

3月18日在京召开的2014年全国地质调查工作会议提出,今后一个时期,地质调查工作重点要进行调整,在紧紧围绕“358”目标加强矿产调查的同时,基础地质调查向森林、沼泽、湿地、海岛、海岸带等特殊地质地貌区拓展,同时调查内容更加综合,方式更加先进。     

念青唐古拉山沼泽土壤微生物群落和酶活性随海拔变化特征

选取青藏高原念青唐古拉山地处不同海拔的高寒沼泽土壤作为研究对象,测定土壤理化指标以及土壤酚氧化酶、脲酶、过氧化物酶、蛋白酶、L-天冬酰胺酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,提取土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸量,得到土壤微生物生物量,研究沼泽土壤微生物群落和土壤酶活性随着海拔增加的变化特征,探讨土壤微生物群落和土壤酶活性与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明,高寒沼泽土壤理化指标、土壤酶活性和土壤微生物量都随海拔增加而明显减小。相关分析与典范对应分析结果显示,年平均气温与大多数土壤物理化学指标、土壤酶活性和土壤微生物量显著正相关。年平均气温是影响念青唐古拉山地区高寒沼泽生态系统土壤微生物群落结构和土壤酶活性变化的重要因子。     

浸种和冷冻处理对7种多年生泥炭沼泽植物种子萌发的影响

为了探讨泥炭沼泽多年生植物种子萌发的阻碍因素,研究了浸水和冷冻处理对7种沼泽植物种子萌发的影响。结果表明,在4种处理下,败酱(Patrinia scabiosaefolia)种子都保持相对高的萌发率,小白花地榆(Sanguisorba parviflora)次之,而鳞苞针蔺(Trichophorum alpinum)种子却都未萌发;在浸水处理下,小星穗薹草(Carex angustior)、臌囊薹草(Carex schmidtii)和山梗菜(Lobelia sessilifolia)种子的萌发率和萌发速率都显著提高,说明浸水处理能促进沼泽植物种子的萌发。在浸水处理下,细花薹草(Carex tenuiflora)种子的萌发率最高,其次为小星穗薹草,臌囊薹草种子的萌发率最低。浸水冷冻处理和浸提液冷冻处理都显著降低了沼泽植物种子的萌发率、萌发速率,并显著延长了种子的初次萌发时间。种子在浸水后遭遇冷冻环境可能是北方泥炭沼泽植物种子天然更新的阻碍因素之一。     

Denitrification potential of marsh soils in two natural saline-alkaline wetlands

Little information is available on denitrification potential of marsh soils in natural saline-alkaline wetlands. The denitrification potentials of an open wetland in the floodplain(Erbaifangzi wetland) and a closed wetland(Fulaowenpao wetland) in backwater areas in Jilin Province of Northeast China were monitored by an anaerobic incubation at 30℃ for 25 days. Our results showed that the relative denitrification index(RDI) increased gradually with incubation time, and showed a rapid increase in the first 5 days of incubation. The RDI values declined quickly from surface soils to subsurface soils and then kept a small change in deeper soils along soil profiles over the incubation time. Denitrification proceeded much faster in the top 20 cm soils of open wetland than in the closed wetland, whereas no significant differences in RDI values were observed in deeper soils between both wetlands. The RDIs were significantly negatively correlated with bulk density and sand content, while a significantly positive correlation with clay content, soil organic matter, total nitrogen and phosphorous. The maximum net NO–3-N loss through denitrification in 1 m depth were higher in the open wetland than the closed wetland with higher soil pH values. Future research should be focused on understanding the influencing mechanisms of soil alkalinity.     

Valuation of lake and marsh wetlands ecosystem services in China

Wetlands are highly productive natural ecosystems, providing valuable goods and services. There is growing interest in transferring ecosystem service value from the existing wetlands studied to other wetlands ecosystems at a large geographic scale. The benefit transfer method uses the known values from wetlands to predict the value of other wetland sites. This methodology requires only limited time and resources. The present study calculated the value of the ecological services provided by lake and marsh wetlands in China in terms of biodiversity indices, water quality indices and economic indices. Basic data on wetlands were obtained through remote sensing images. The results show that: 1) The total ecosystem service value of the lake and marsh wetlands in 2008 was calculated to be 8.1841 × 1010 United States Dollars(USD), with the marsh and lake wetlands contributing 5.6329 × 1010 and 2.5512 × 1010 USD, respectively. Values of marsh ecosystem service were concentrated in Heilongjiang Province(2.5516 × 1010 USD), Qinghai Province(1.2014 × 1010 USD), and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(1.1884 × 1010 USD). The value of the lakes were concentrated in Tibet Autonomous Region(6.223 × 109 USD), Heilongjiang(5.810 × 109 USD), and Qinghai(5.500 × 109 USD). 2) Waste treatment and climate regulation services contributed to 26.29% and 24.74% respectively, of the total ecosystem service value of the marsh wetlands. Hydrological regulation and waste treatment contributed to 41.39% and 32.75%, respectively, of the total ecosystem service value of the lake wetlands. 3) The total ecological service value of the lake and marsh wetlands was 54.64% of the total service value of natural grassland ecosystems and 30.34% of the total service value of forests ecosystems in China.     

长白山西麓泥炭灰分粒度特征及其环境意义

本文提取长白山西麓哈尼、孤山屯沼泽地晚更新世以来泥炭沉积中所含的高分辨率无机矿物颗粒信息,追索泥炭灰分的物质来源、粒度组成特征及规律,进一步揭示本区泥炭灰分粒度的古环境意义。粒度分析结果表明,长白山西麓泥炭灰分颗粒粒径集中在1~350 μm,灰分组成以各类粉砂为主;本区泥炭灰分粒度分布概率累积曲线以二段式占多数,频率分布曲线呈现单峰（10~100 μm）、双峰型（10~100 μm,100~1 000 μm）特征,搬运方式以悬移和跃移为主。由于本区沼泽地地处湿润区,泥炭灰分的粒度组成主要受到流水动力变化的影响,沼泽地水文状况的变化引起了泥炭灰分粗细的变化。因而,长白山区沼泽地泥炭灰分的粗细主要指示夏季风强弱,可用于反演古降水的变化。晚更新世以来泥炭灰分粒度的变化曲线显示本区全新世9.2 ka,8 ka和5 ka存在干旱事件,古降水历史具有“干-湿-干”旋回。由于这些干旱事件与全新世几次著名的冷事件几乎同时出现,故推测本区古气候模式为冷干和暖湿组合。