矿物标型六性及其在胶东金矿中的应用

目前矿物标型研究和应用已进入一个新的阶段。作者从哲学的高度,把国内外矿物标型特征的分散研究加以集中概括和总结,提出了“矿物标型六性”的普遍规律,即普遍性、特殊性、变化性、相应性、继承性和分带性,对矿物标型特征研究具重要的指导意义。这些规律在胶东金矿中得到广泛应用,并已取得良好效果。     

Mobility of heavy metals from tailings to stream waters in local zinc smelting activities contaminated site

It has been found that stream waters were severely contaminated with wastes from a long-time smelting factory in Hezhang, Guizhou, China. The main sources of contamination are the smelting wastes stored in the open air and abandoned in the vicinity of stream. A method of lead isotope was adopted in order to identify relations between tailings and water contamination. Representative samples of tailings and stream sediments were collected. Mineralogical characterizations were conducted using XRD and TEM/SEM, while acid digestion was carried out for determining metal contents. BCR sequential leaching tests were performed in order to assess metal mobility. The tremendous ‘actual＇ and ‘potential＇ mobility of heavy metals indicates that the smelting waste and stream sediments present a considerable threat to the environment. Besides the chemical remobilization of heavy metals from the sediments and the reworking of riverbed sediments act as a secondary source of pollution. Also groundwater and stream water were sampled in specific locations and were measured.     

Analysis of the effect of geology, soil properties, and land use on groundwater quality using multivariate statistical and GIS methods

The regional survey of groundwater used as a small water supply system was performed to know the effect of geology, soil properties and land use on groundwater quality at Nonsan City, Korea. A total of 126 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed at the study area. The multivariate statistical methods, principal components analysis and discriminant analysis, and GIS technique were used for the quantitative interpretation of groundwater quality. The study area is mainly composed of Precambrian gneiss, Jurassic granite, and Cretaceous volcanics, and metasedimentary rocks of the Ogcheon zone. The land use was grouped as paddy, upland, grassland, resident, point source, industrial area, and water system. The soil properties were classified as 4 major groups, Entisols, Alfisols, Inceptisols, and Ultisols, by the degree of development, and reclassified as 11 subgroups. The modified and simplified geologic map, soil map, and land use map were made by using ARCGIS soft-ware. The area of geology, soil property, and land use affecting the groundwater quality for each well were also calculated by ARCGIS soft-ware to acquire the quantitative parameters for multivariate statistical analysis. The monitoring results of groundwater in the study area showed that 13%-21% of the groundwater samples exceeded the portable water guideline and the main causes were turbidity, bacteria, arsenic and nitrate-N. The spatial distribution of each component showed the close relationship between groundwater quality and geology reflecting the topography, land use.     

三江平原旱田耕作对湿地土壤理化性质的累积影响初探

在中国科学院三江平原湿地生态试验站综合实验场,对不同耕作年限的湿地土壤(0~20 cm)进行环境累积效应分析。结果表明,随着开垦时间的增加,土壤的理化性质发生渐变,物理性质方面,土壤容重和比重逐渐增大,而孔隙度和田间持水量逐年减少;化学性质方面,土壤pH值随开垦时间的增加而增加,有机质和其他养分则随开垦时间的增加而逐年降低。弃耕后土壤性质有所恢复。土壤性质在开垦初期变化较明显,而后逐渐变缓。     

不同岩性火山岩力学性质实验研究

黄沙坨地区位于辽河断陷盆地东部凹陷中段,古近纪沙河街组第三段沉积时期发育了巨厚的火山岩,为该区形成火山岩油气藏奠定了成藏条件。由于油层岩石的力学性质,影响着油田生产,因此,经过实验室对不同岩性的火山岩力学性质的试验测试,得到油田生产所需的相关的力学参数及相关的地质信息,为油田勘探、开发及相关的工程设计发挥重要作用。试验结果表明,粗面岩以张性破裂为主,玄武岩以剪切破裂为主。这对油田研究水力压裂裂缝形态及储层天然裂缝形态提供了重要的地质依据。软化系数的较大波动,表现出地下流体对油层岩石的环境作用。     

鄱阳盆地构造—沉积特征及其演化史

 鄱阳盆地是发育在江南—九岭和怀玉—官帽基底拆离造山带上的白垩-古近纪张扭性断陷盆地,明显受近南北走向的赣江走滑断裂系和前白垩系逆冲断裂系晚期反转的双重因素控制,呈“两坳夹一隆”的区域构造格局。受赣江、进贤—石门街走滑断裂夹持的南昌凹陷,呈近南北向凹凸相间展布格局。进贤—石门街走滑断裂以东地区,“南断北超”型断陷自南而北由北东走向渐转为北北东向展布,其源于晚印支-燕山期北东向逆冲断裂在晚期的反转作用,西缘和北部受赣江断裂系东枝走滑断裂影响明显而发生转向。鄱阳盆地经历了早白垩世晚期(冷水坞组沉积期)拉分盆地、晚白垩世早-中期(周家店组—南雄组沉积早期)走滑张扭断(坳)陷盆地、晚白垩世晚期(南雄组沉积中-晚期)走滑伸展盆地和古近纪坳陷盆地等演化阶段,东南部断陷区(江埠—二甲村凹陷)由于喜马拉雅期的隆升剥蚀而只残存周家店组早期坳陷和周家店组中期—南雄组中期断陷两个发育阶段的沉积。     

相山火山-侵入杂岩的反方向岩浆演化系列研究

相山因是中国最大火山岩型铀矿产地而倍受关注,相山火山-侵入杂岩从喷发-侵出-侵入,SiO2含量、Rb/Sr、Rb/Ba比值降低,而TFe（Fe2O3＋FeO）、CaO、MgO、TiO2、P2O5含量、SI（固结指数）、δEu则呈增高趋势,岩浆演化与正常岩浆房酸度逐渐增高的岩浆分异趋势相反,称反方向岩浆演化系列.不相容元素的比值如Th/U、Rb/Ba、Th/Nb、Th/Ta、La/Nb、Nb/Ta变化幅度较大,与SiO2组分没有明显的正消长或反消长关系,稀土配分曲线也不尽一致,火山喷发相、侵出相和侵入相岩石具有不同的源区性质.     

北京晴天紫外波段气溶胶光学厚度反演与分析

利用太阳一大气紫外光谱辐射计(SAUVS)，测量到达北京地表的太阳直接和散射紫外光谱辐射，给出反演大气气溶胶光学厚度的一种方法。结果表明：在紫外波段，大气气溶胶的光学厚度随波长的增加而单调减小，用指数函数可以很好地拟合反演结果。统计得到了3个水平能见度状况下拟合函数的系数值，与全球气溶胶监测网络(AERONET)北京站的资料对比，表明反演结果基本合理。     

西北地区空中云水资源的时空分布特征

利用1983年7月至1998年12月国际卫星云气候计划ISCCP D2的月平均云资料,对西北地区空中云水资源的时空分布特征进行了系统的研究。结果表明:三个不同区域的月平均总云量、光学厚度和云水路径的区域平均值分别在52.5%~58.3%,2.6~6.6和44.9~77.6 g.m-2之间;西北地区空中云水资源多年平均分布有其沿地形分布的特点,总云量、中云量、总光学厚度和总云水路径的高值区均在天山、昆仑山、祁连山一带,而低值中心一般分布在塔里木盆地—内蒙古西部戈壁沙漠—黄土高原西北部一带。此外,祁连山、青海所在的高原气候区云水资源近年呈上升趋势,特别是总光学厚度和总云水路径15年来呈明显上升趋势,分别约上升了0.8和16.4 g.m-2。     

展望气象服务的发展方向

作为既有公益产品性质，又有非公益产品(在市场经济条件下转变为商品)性质的气象产品，在未来非公益产品的价值所占的比重将越来越大。日本气象协会曾调查了2000件商品的销路和气象的关系，结论是：气象是预测生产、流通和消费的风标。对于这2000件商品而言，它们对气象的需求程度，绝非气象公益产品所能够满足。