Biological and physical events involved in the origin,effects, and control of organic matter in solar saltworks

Aspects of communities and events in the concentrating ponds (S.G. 1.130 to 1.214) and salt crystallizing ponds (S.G. 1.215 to 1.264) of solar saltworks pertinent to salt manufacture are described. Communities that aid salt manufacture enable continuous and efficient production of high quality salt at a saltworks' design capacity, and they provide important controls on levels of organic matter in the brine. Fluctuating salinities, high concentrations of nutrients, and petroleum products are disturbances that causeAphanothece halophytica andDunaliella salina to release excessive quantities of organic matter, and that suppress or cause death to nutrient stripping organisms. Disturbances result in decreased quality and quantity of salt and increased costs for salt harvest, washing, and pond upkeep. Organic matter can be controlled by management techniques that keep nutrient stripping communities at proper levels and maintain a narrow and unchanging range of salinities in each pond, by constructing pond dikes able to withstand wind and water erosion, and by preventing spills of petroleum products in the ponds.     

保靖葫芦磷矿床地质特征及矿床成因

葫芦磷矿床位于古丈背斜南西端,含磷岩系赋存于震旦系陡山沱组下部,总厚度10m、分为A—B—C—D—E—F沉积序列。矿体呈层状,产状稳定,平均厚1m。P_2O_5平均品位氧化矿石为27％;原生矿石为20％,主要由胶磷矿(氟磷灰石)和隐晶石英、以及有机碳和黄铁矿组成。磷矿形成于陆棚至陆坡的静水环境。成矿物质来自海底岩石溶解、地壳深部、海底火山和海洋生物的磷质,它们在盆地中浓缩,在化学和生物化学作用下,磷质局部富集、沉淀成矿。矿床被认为是化学和生物化学沉积成因。     

赤砂沸石对氮磷钾吸附与释放的研究

本文以安徽省繁昌县赤砂沸石为试验材料，以黄红壤为参照，研究了丝光沸石为主的天然沸石对ＮＨ、Ｈ＿２ＰＯ及Ｋ￣＋的吸附与释放，结果表明：赤砂沸石的吸铵量和吸磷量为黄红壤的３倍；其中易释放铵和可释放铵占总吸铵量８０％以上；易释放磷和可释放磷占７０％以上；赤砂沸石的速效钾含量为黄红壤的７倍左右，而钾位缓冲容量（ＰＢＣ￣Ｋ）则为黄红壤的３５倍左右。赤砂沸石用做肥料调理剂和土壤改良剂，将能够减少土壤中氮、磷、钾的流失，并提高肥料中养分的利用率。     

滆湖沉积物理化特征及磷释放腄

对滆湖表层底泥、柱状层祥和间隙水进行理化分析,模拟不同条件下的沉积物磷释放。结果表明,0～20cm深度范围内,各项理化指标变化较大;大于2cm后差异较小。当提高沉积物-水体系温度、降低氧含量(或Eh),提高pH及施以水动力作用时,可促进沉积物磷释放进程。无菌条件对磷释放有抑制作用。采用实验室模拟和间隙水浓度扩散模型计算得到的磷总释放量分别为10.65t/a和9.40t/a,其中湖面网围区释放量占全湖总量的28.2～35.4％。建议适度控制网围养殖规模,以减少内源磷污染。     

光照强度对隐藻吸收铁和磷的影响

在模拟条件下,通过深入研究光照强度对隐藻生长率的影响,以及不同光照强度下藻细胞对Fe和P的吸收差异,提出了光照强度控制藻细胞对营养元素的吸收,最终限制赤潮藻爆发性增殖的作用途径.研究表明,藻细胞的生长率与光照强度之间呈指数相关关系;隐藻生长的光饱和值与光半饱和值分别为150 μmol/(m2·s)和47 μmol/(m2·s);在低光照强度下藻细胞的生长率较低,但是藻细胞却需要吸收更多的Fe和P,以及Zn、Mn、Co和Mo等微量元素,在光照强度为10 μmol/(m2·s)时,藻细胞生长率仅为光照强度150 μmol/(m2·s)时的十分之一,而藻细胞对Fe和P的吸收量分别提高了1.5倍和1倍.这些研究结果为揭示导致赤潮常在光照良好天气后发生的根本原因提供了全新的认识.     

古新世—始新世最热事件对地球表层循环的影响及其触发机制

古新世—始新世最热事件（PETM, Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum）是发生在古新世—始新世交界时的一次全球性的气候突变事件。它造成了大洋环流模式的突然倒转和海水盐度、大气湿度的迅速上升。海洋表层生态系统和陆地生态系统生产力迅速上升，许多属种的植物、动物、微生物生活范围向高纬区扩大；大洋底栖微生物发生集群灭绝。现代哺乳动物的主要属种（灵长类、奇蹄类及偶蹄类）产生，哺乳动物演化进程发生重大改变。地球表层碳循环系统发生不同程度的碳同位素负偏移，全球碳循环系统发生大规模搅动。对于PETM的触发机制，主流的观点认为是海底天然气水合物突然释放造成巨量甲烷迅速进入表层系统引发的碳循环系统内部反馈。而对于甲烷释放的原因，又存在着减压释放和热释放两种解释；此外还有科学家用岩浆作用和地外星体撞击来解释PETM的发生。     

磷矿石中磷、钙、镁、锶、氟测定方法评述

本文系统分析了磷矿石高含量磷、钙、镁、锶、氟诸元素存在时对其测定的相互影响及其测定中存在的问题,比较全面地总结了国内分析工作者针对该问题,对诸难测元素在常规分析方法方面的工作进展。     

科尔沁沙地30种植物叶凋落物CO2释放量及释放速率的研究

 采用可以有效控制环境因子的室内土壤培养试验，初步研究了科尔沁沙地30种植物叶凋落物的CO₂释放量及释放速率。结果表明：①在28 d培养期内，不同植物叶凋落物释放的CO₂量差异很大，其中，多年生植物叶凋落物CO₂释放量平均值大于一年生植物，但二者之间的差异不显著；禾本科植物叶凋落物CO₂释放量平均值明显小于其他植物，二者之间呈显著差异。②在28 d培养期内，不同植物叶凋落物每四天CO₂释放速率差异很大。一年生与多年生植物叶凋落物28 d内每四天释放CO₂的速率无显著差异；禾本科与其他植物叶凋落物每四天释放CO₂的速率在培养的前16 d差异呈显著，而后差异消失。③植物叶凋落物的全碳含量，氮含量，C／N，灰分/N及灰分含量不同造成CO₂释放量及释放速率的差异。叶凋落物28 d释放CO₂的量与叶凋落物初始碳含量及灰分含量均无相关关系，与叶凋落物初始氮含量呈显著正相关，与叶凋落物C／N及灰分／N呈显著负相关。叶凋落物培养期内每四天释放CO₂的速率与叶凋落物初始碳含量无相关关系；叶凋落物0\_20天释放CO₂的速率与叶凋落物初始氮含量呈显著正相关，与叶凋落物C／N呈显著负相关；叶凋落物9\_28天CO₂释放速率与灰分／N呈显著负相关；培养后期（17\_28天）的CO₂释放速率与灰分含量呈显著负相关。     

Auswirkungen des Ablassens von Hochwasserrückhaltebecken auf deren Limnochemie und Phytoplankton-Biozönose

Reservoirs have to be released when repairing of the dams is necessary. In 1995, two reservoirs in Baden-Württemberg (Germany) of similar age and volume (Lake Herrenbach near Göppingen, 1.0 Mio. m³ and Lake Breitenau near Heilbronn, 2.3 Mio. m³) were emptied. This allowed the singular possibility to investigate the effects of drainage and refilling on the limnochemistry and the phytoplankton biocoenosis of such artificial lakes.Before the drainage of the reservoirs, both lakes showed phosphorus release from the sediment during summer stagnation. Phosphorus values of Lake Herrenbach were regularly higher than those of Lake Breitenau (Lake Herrenbach 88 μg/l, Lake Breitenau 33 μg/l). During release, both lakes indicated higher phosphorus and chlorophyll concentrations as well as rising biomasses. Remarkable differences were observed during refilling of the reservoirs: while Lake Herrenbach showed higher transparency and lower phosphorus concentrations, Lake Breitenau progressed towards eutrophication (total phosphorus during summer 1996: Lake Herrenbach 30 μg/l, Lake Breitenau 55 μg/l). One reason for the reaction of Lake Breitenau was the reduced ground drainage during the refilling, which caused an accumulation of nutrients in the hypolimnion. Another reason was the mineralisation of vegetation which covered great parts of the dry lake sediment. The limnological change of Lake Herrenbach was not as clear but could be caused by the restauration of the pre-reservoir which was drainaged and dredged before the emptying of the main reservoir started as well as many other facts which differed Lake Herrenbach from Lake Breitenau.     

首都圈年累积释放地震能量的拓扑预测

拓补预测实际上是ＧＭ（１，１）模型群的预测。将首都圈年累积释放地震能量的统计结果作为建模的基本数据，建立相应的拓扑预测模型，对２０００年以前首都圈年累积释放地震能量的发展趋势作出初步预测。