广西平南某矿区岩溶地下水连通试验研究

广西平南某矿区在人工疏水过程中地下水位持续下降,形成以采区为降落漏斗、周边地下水向采区径流排泄的地下水流场。位于矿区东侧的秦川河成为危及矿区施工安全的最大隐患。为了查明矿区岩溶地下水径流途径、径流特征,进而了解矿区采矿排水的主要来源及周边地表河的影响,在矿区周围进行了地下水连通试验。试验结果表明:矿区岩溶含水介质渗透性差异较大,含水层各向异性明显;矿区北部、东南部存在连通性较好的地下水径流带,北部流速为0.3 ~ 20 m/h,东南部流速为3.72 ~ 98 m/h;矿区南部、西南部与周边地下水连通性较差,与矿区以南的浔江存在地下分水岭;矿区东部一采区矿坑排水主要来自东侧秦川河渗漏补给及北部地下水侧向径流补给,矿区西部二采区矿坑排水补给来源为北部地下水侧向径流及大气降水。因此,采矿疏水过程中应及时掌握秦川河水位变化情况,采取帷幕等有效手段对水害进行治理,以确保生产安全。      

两种塑料排水板滤膜淤堵特性试验研究

在水力梯度逐级递增的条件下,采用饱和软黏土进行了两种不同塑料排水板（PVD）滤膜（外包土工织物）梯度比试验,探讨两种PVD滤膜的淤堵特性,并结合真空预压软基加固的实际工况进行分析。试验结果显示,随着水力梯度的递增,一种表观孔径大的新工艺PVD滤膜的梯度比呈现先上升后下降的总趋势,并最终趋于稳定,常规PVD滤膜的梯度比总体呈上升趋势,无法趋于稳定。研究表明,不同水力梯度对滤膜淤堵有着较大影响,新工艺PVD滤膜在真空预压实际工况（水力梯度较高）下的防淤堵效果优于常规PVD滤膜。PVD滤膜的淤堵问题与滤膜制作工艺、孔径和软黏土性质有关,其淤堵机制仍需进一步的研究。     

邻轨PS-InSAR地面沉降结果拼接处理方法与实验

目前,我国许多经济发达地区都面临着地面沉降灾害的困扰,沉降范围扩大,程度日益加剧,逐渐成为城市发展中亟待解决的问题。永久散射体合成孔径雷达干涉测量(Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar,PS-InSAR)作为地表形变测量的主要手段之一,在地面沉降监测中发挥着重要作用。而单轨星载SAR影像成像幅宽有限,在开展大范围地面沉降调查时需要将多轨道PS-InSAR沉降速率图进行拼接。本文重点讨论了入射角效应和参考点差异对PS-InSAR沉降结果的影响,分析了相邻轨道PS-InSAR沉降速率拼接中存在的PS点位置差异和沉降量偏移,鉴此,提出了采用区块法和插值法对异轨重叠区的形变结果求差的思路,以及基于现有软件PS-InSAR地面沉降速率的跨轨拼接处理流程,利用广东珠三角地区ENVISAT ASAR数据进行了实验分析。结果表明,相邻轨道入射角不同会造成沉降量的差异,在多轨道情况下对沉降量影响增大,因此,在拼接过程中需要进行入射角纠正。本文提出的区块法和插值法能有效地求解异轨重叠区的形变差,结果表明区块法优于插值法;相邻轨道参考点差异会造成沉降量偏移,通过区块法或插值法求差可以消除该偏移量。本文提出的拼接流程可将多轨道PS-InSAR地面沉降速率统一到同一基准下,从而获得大范围一致的地面沉降速率。     

Optimal root profiles in water-limited ecosystems

The vertical distribution of roots in the soil is of central importance to the mass and energy exchange between the land and the atmosphere. It has been demonstrated that the vertical root profiles which maximize transpiration in numerical experiments reflect well the characteristics of root profiles observed in nature for water-limited ecosystems. Previous research has demonstrated how the optimal vertical root profile depends on both the mean annual precipitation (MAP) and the soil texture. Recently, in the climate literature, it has been suggested Chou et al. (2012) [5] that increased greenhouse forcing in the tropics can lead to a simultaneous decrease in the frequency and increase in the intensity of precipitation. In this paper we demonstrate how such a change in the statistical structure of rainfall, even with no change to MAP, requires deeper root distributions to maintain optimal water use. These results raise interesting questions for future studies of nutrient dynamics, the cost of additional below ground carbon allocation, and inter plant functional type competition.     

Comparison of Ensemble Kalman Filter groundwater-data assimilation methods based on stochastic moment equations and Monte Carlo simulation

Traditional Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) data assimilation requires computationally intensive Monte Carlo (MC) sampling, which suffers from filter inbreeding unless the number of simulations is large. Recently we proposed an alternative EnKF groundwater-data assimilation method that obviates the need for sampling and is free of inbreeding issues. In our new approach, theoretical ensemble moments are approximated directly by solving a system of corresponding stochastic groundwater flow equations. Like MC-based EnKF, our moment equations (ME) approach allows Bayesian updating of system states and parameters in real-time as new data become available. Here we compare the performances and accuracies of the two approaches on two-dimensional transient groundwater flow toward a well pumping water in a synthetic, randomly heterogeneous confined aquifer subject to prescribed head and flux boundary conditions.     

水平加劲肋对刚性梁柱全焊节点力学性能的影响分析

梁柱节点是钢框架的关键连接部分,其连接性能直接影响框架结构在荷载作用下的整体行为。采用有限元法对刚性梁柱全焊节点的力学性能进行数值模拟,分析不同受力条件下全焊节点的力学行为,揭示不同弯矩作用时刚性梁沿长度方向的Mises应力变化特性,并对比分析有无水平加劲肋对全焊节点位移和Mises应力的影响规律。结果表明：有水平加劲肋的全焊节点总位移明显小于无水平加劲肋的,弯矩为65kN·m时,有水平加劲肋与无水平加劲肋全焊节点位移差值出现突变,且有水平加劲肋时,全焊节点转角随着所施弯矩的增大近似呈指数变化;无论有无水平加劲肋,Mises应力值从悬臂梁自由边缘到梁柱连接节点逐渐增大,梁与柱连接节点的Mises应力值较大,柱腹板节点域的Mises应力值最大。对比发现,有水平加劲肋时,悬臂梁及柱腹板节点域的Mises应力明显小于无水平加劲肋时的。由此可见,水平加劲肋可有效提高刚性梁柱全焊节点的承载能力,并有效防止节点处应力集中。     

Simultaneous estimation of soil moisture and hydraulic parameters using residual resampling particle filter

Land data assimilation (DA) has gradually developed into an important earth science research method because of its ability to combine model simulations and observations. Integrating new observations into a land surface model by the DA method can correct the predicted trajectory of the model and thus, improve the accuracy of state variables. It can also reduce uncertainties in the model by estimating some model parameters simultaneously. Among the various DA methods, the particle filter is free from the constraints of linear models and Gaussian error distributions, and can be applicable to any nonlinear and non-Gaussian state-space model; therefore, its importance in land data assimilation research has increased. In this study, a DA scheme was developed based on the residual resampling particle filter. Microwave brightness temperatures were assimilated into the macro-scale semi-distributed variance infiltration capacity model to estimate the surface soil moisture and three hydraulic parameters simultaneously. Finally, to verify the scheme, a series of comparative experiments was performed with experimental data obtained during the Soil Moisture Experiment of 2004 in Arizona. The results show that the scheme can improve the accuracy of soil moisture estimations significantly. In addition, the three hydraulic parameters were also well estimated, demonstrating the effectiveness of the DA scheme.     

高围压下砂土的渗透特性试验研究

利用高压三轴渗透试验系统,对某矿区深部的粗砂和细砂进行了高围压条件下的渗透试验。研究了同一水力梯度下渗透系数与围压的关系;同一围压下渗透系数与渗透水力梯度的关系;同一水力梯度下,围压逐级加载的渗透系数与一次加载的渗透系数之间的差别。结果表明,粗砂和细砂在同一水力梯度下渗透系数均随围压的增大而逐渐减小,在同一围压下,渗透系数会随渗透水力梯度的增大而逐渐增大;同一水力梯度下,围压逐级加载下的渗透系数明显小于一次加载条件下的渗透系数。根据围压与渗透系数的关系拟合出了两种砂样渗透系数与围压关系的数学表达式。为探究高围压下渗透系数变化的原因,研究了砂样试验过程中的体积变化和试验前后的粒度成分变化。结果表明,围压的施加过程伴随着试样的体积减小,相应的孔隙度减小,渗透系数降低;高围压条件下,砂土颗粒被挤碎成细颗粒,使得砂土的细粒含量增多,孔隙度减小,导致了砂土渗透系数的降低。     

考虑水力作用的顺层岩质边坡稳定性图解分析

通过分析顺层岩质边坡中的水力作用,建立了出流缝未被堵塞和出流缝被堵塞两种情况下顺层岩质边坡的水力学模型;推导出了用无量纲参数（Q、P、S）形式表达的边坡稳定性安全系数Fs的表达式;绘制了边坡后缘张裂隙充满水后几何要素岩层倾角?、张裂缝高度Z/边坡高度H与无量纲参数（Q、P、S）的关系曲线,能为分析不同的边坡几何要素、水深、不同抗剪强度对边坡稳定性的影响提供方便。选取宜巴高速公路典型顺层岩质边坡进行研究,结果表明：对于出流缝未被堵塞的情况,水力作用使边坡稳定性安全系数降低程度为33.33%,是触发顺层岩质边坡滑移破坏的主要因素;出流缝被堵塞情况下边坡稳定性安全系数要比出流缝未被堵塞情况下约降低0.458。其研究成果对顺层岩质边坡工程设计和施工优化具有重要指导意义。     

探讨变雨强条件下的入渗过程及影响因素

以积水条件下Green-Ampt入渗模型为基础,拓展其在变雨强中入渗率和累积入渗量计算形式。结合上述理论基础,选用饱和-非饱和土壤水、热和溶质运移模拟软件Hydrus-1D,探讨了常降雨与变雨强的入渗差异和饱和导水率、土壤类型对变雨强入渗过程的影响。研究表明：相对于常降雨,变雨强更利于雨水入渗,累积入渗量显著增加;其他水力参数不变,饱和导水率越大,入渗率与变雨强随时间变化曲线重合率越高,雨强控制时间越长,累积入渗量相应也越大;其他水力参数作用效果不容忽视,其影响作用可与饱和导水率达到相似效果。正确了解变雨强下入渗过程及影响因素,有助于准确地把握实际降雨入渗情况,对指导水力工程有重要的实际意义。