Research on the relationship between Earth＇s variable rotation and global seismic activity

ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｎｔｈｅｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｂｅｔｗｅｅｎＥａｒｔｈ＇ｓｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｒｏｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｇｌｏｂａｌｓｅｉｓｍｉｃ　ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙＤａ－ＷｅｉＺＨＥＮＧａｎｄＹｏｎｇ－ＨｏｎｇＺＨＯＵ（郑大伟，周永宏）（Ｓｈａｎｇｈａｉ...     

AN ATMOSPHERIC MOTION EQUATION BUILT ON THE CONSERVATIVE RELATIONSHIP OF THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE SOLID EARTH AND THE ATMOSPHERE ON SEASONAL-ANNUAL TIMESCALE

Within the seasonal-annual timeseale,there exists an angular momentum conservative exchange relationship be-tween the solid earth and the atmosphere,and their angular momentum exchange not only can cause variations inlength-of-day(LOD)but also can express anomalies in atmospheric general circulation.Therefore,their angular mo-mentum exchange mechanism should be introduced into the general circulation model.Considering the angular momentum anomalous exchange caused by the air-earth interface friction effect,awhole-layer atmospheric motion equation is derived in this paper including the earth spin anomalous friction forceparameterized by using the change in the earth rotation rate.Through analysing the equation,it shows that the magni-tude of the earth spin anomalous friction force is the same as that of Coriolis force on seasonal-annual timescale.     

近地质时期岩石圈板块构造运动的力学分析

运用相对运动的地球动力学理论，把软流圈以上的岩石圈和软流圈以下的地球内圈，作为两个独立的运动单元来考察它们随地球自转时所发生的变化和各自的运动状态。完整的岩石圈碎裂成岩石块之后，它们各自作为独立的单元，在纬向西漂力、经向离极力和洋底扩张力联合作用下，产生相对运动。     

The aquatic chemistry of rare earth elements in rivers and estuaries

Laboratory experiments were carried out to determine how pH, colloids and salinity control the fractionation of rare earth elements (REEs) in river and estuarine waters. By using natural waters as the reaction media (river water from the Connecticut, Hudson and Mississippi Rivers) geochemical reactions can be studied in isolation from the large temporal and spatial variability inherent in river and estuarine chemistry. Experiments, field studies and chemical models form a consistent picture whereby REE fractionation is controlled by surface/solution reactions. The concentration and fractionation of REEs dissolved in river waters are highly pH dependent. Higher pH results in lower concentrations and more fractionated composition relative to the crustal abundance. With increasing pH the order of REE adsorption onto river particle surfaces is LREEs > MREEs > HREEs. With decreasing pH, REEs are released from surfaces in the same order. Within the dissolved (<0.22 µm) pool of river waters, Fe-organic colloids are major carriers of REEs. Filtration through filters and ultrafilters with progressively finer pore sizes results in filtrates which are lower in absolute concentrations and more fractionated. The order of fractionation with respect to shale, HREEs > MREEs > LREEs, is most pronounced in the solution pool, defined here as <5K and <50K ultrafiltrates. Colloidal particles have shale-like REE compositions and are highly LREE enriched relative to the REE composition of the dissolved and solution pools. The addition of sea water to river water causes the coagulation of colloidal REEs within the dissolved pool. Fractionation accompanies coagulation with the order of sea water-induced removal being LREEs > MREEs > HREEs. While the large scale removal of dissolved river REEs in estuaries is well established, the release of dissolved REEs off river particles is a less studied process. Laboratory experiments show that there is both release and fractionation of REEs when river particles are leached with seawater. The order of sea water-induced release of dissolved REE(III) (LREEs > MREEs > HREEs) from Connecticut River particles is the same as that associated with lowering the pH and the same as that associated with colloidal particles. River waters, stripped of their colloidal particles by coagulation in estuaries, have highly evolved REE composition. That is, the solution pool of REEs in river waters are strongly HREE-enriched and are fractionated to the same extent as that of Atlantic surface seawater. This strengthens the conclusions of previous studies that the evolved REE composition of sea water is coupled to chemical weathering on the continents and reactions in estuaries. Moreover, the release of dissolved Nd from river particles to sea water may help to reconcile the incompatibility between the long oceanic residence times of Nd (7100 yr) and the inter-ocean variations of the Nd isotopic composition of sea water. Using new data on dissolved and particle phases of the Amazon and Mississippi Rivers, a comparison of field and laboratory experiments highlights key features of REE fractionation in major river systems. The dissolved pool of both rivers is highly fractionated (HREE enriched) with respect to the REE composition of their suspended particles. In addition, the dissolved pool of the Mississippi River has a large negative Ce-anomaly suggesting in-situ oxidation of Ce(III). One intriguing feature is the well developed maximum in the middle REE sector of the shale normalized patterns for the dissolved pool of Amazon River water. This feature might reflect competition between surface adsorption and solution complexation with carbonate and phosphate anions.     

高校多媒体教程建设的思考——兼谈《地球科学》电子教材制作

结合高校电子教程的发展现状讨论了建设多媒体电子教程的必要性和可能性,并针对高等教育的特点提出了建设电子教程的目的及其应当具备的特点,最后以《地球科学》研制为例,介绍了教程研制过程中应当注意的几个关键环节和制作目标,强调了知识的整体感和表现形式的多样性。     

Tidal effects in the earth–moon system and the earth's rotation

Analytical expressions for tidal torques induced by a tide‐arising planet which perturbs rotation of a nonrigid body are derived. Corresponding expressions both for secular and periodic perturbations of the Euler's angles are given for the case of the earth's rotation. Centennial secular rates of the nutation angle θ and of the earth's angular velocity ω, as well as the centennial logarithmic decrement ν of the Chandler wobble are evaluated:  mas, . In the Universal Time (UT) a large out‐of‐phase (sine) dissipative term with the period 18.6 years and the amplitude 2.3 ms is found. Corrections to nutation coefficients, which presumably have not been taken into account in IAU theory, are given. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

地球自转变化的重力效应

极移对重力测量的影响在前人的研究和工作中已得到了充分的考虑并有不同形式的改正公式。但是由于地轴转动速率变化的重力效应的量级很小,且限于以前的测量精度以及资料处理方法, 因而常常被忽略。随着重力测量精度的提高以及资料处理方法的改进, 有必要重新讨论该项影响。本文从推导地球瞬时自转极运动对地面台站重力测量值影响的公式入手, 将地球自转角速率变化的重力效应和极移的重力效应分离开来, 并对它们的量级分别作了估计。本文着重讨论自转角速率变化对重力测量的影响。用 Ｉ Ｅ Ｒ Ｓ 的日长变化序列和极移序列分别具体地计算了１９８２ ～１９９６ 年期间对武汉的重力测量值的影响, 结果表明, 自转角速率变化对武汉地区重力值的影响最大可达０ ．２５ ｍｉｃｒｏｇａｌ（ｐｅａｋ －ｔｏ － ｐｅａｋ） , 这在高精度的绝对重力测量和相对重力测量中不应再被忽略     

数字地球的时空维实现

在全球变化研究和持续发展战略推动下形成的地理信息科学是数字地球的科学技术基础,而数字地球也为地理信息科学的发展提供了源动力。数字地球将深刻改变人类的政治、经济和科技格局。现在还不能给数字地球一个明确的定义,但可以认为数字地球的核心是一个分布式、多尺度、多维的地理信息系统。TGIS研究是实现数字地球的关键技术之一。目前可以本着综合型和分解型两种思路对TGIS进行平行探索。     

Digital world meets urban planet – new prospects for evidence-based urban studies arising from joint exploitation of big earth data,information technology and shared knowledge

ABSTRACT

The digital transformation taking place in all areas of life has led to a massive increase in digital data – in particular, related to the places where and the ways how we live. To facilitate an exploration of the new opportunities arising from this development the Urban Thematic Exploitation Platform (U-TEP) has been set-up. This enabling instrument represents a virtual environment that combines open access to multi-source data repositories with dedicated data processing, analysis and visualisation functionalities. Moreover, it includes mechanisms for the development and sharing of technology and knowledge. After an introduction of the underlying methodical concept, this paper introduces four selected use cases that were carried out on the basis of U-TEP: two technology-driven applications implemented by users from the remote sensing and software engineering community (generation of cloud-free mosaics, processing of drone data) and two examples related to concrete use scenarios defined by planners and decision makers (data analytics related to global urbanization, monitoring of regional land-use dynamics). The experiences from U-TEP’s pre-operations phase show that the system can effectively support the derivation of new data, facts and empirical evidence that helps scientists and decision-makers to implement improved strategies for sustainable urban development.     

Assessing global Sentinel-2 coverage dynamics and data availability for operational Earth observation (EO) applications using the EO-Compass

ABSTRACT

Sentinel-2 scenes are increasingly being used in operational Earth observation (EO) applications at regional, continental and global scales, in near-real time applications, and with multi-temporal approaches. On a broader scale, they are therefore one of the most important facilitators of the Digital Earth. However, the data quality and availability are not spatially and temporally homogeneous due to effects related to cloudiness, the position on the Earth or the acquisition plan. The spatio-temporal inhomogeneity of the underlying data may therefore affect any big remote sensing analysis and is important to consider. This study presents an assessment of the metadata for all accessible Sentinel-2 Level-1C scenes acquired in 2017, enabling the spatio-temporal coverage and availability to be quantified, including scene availability and cloudiness. Spatial exploratory analysis of the global, multi-temporal metadata also reveals that higher acquisition frequencies do not necessarily yield more cloud-free scenes and exposes metadata quality issues, e.g. systematically incorrect cloud cover estimation in high, non-vegetated altitudes. The continuously updated datasets and analysis results are accessible as a Web application called EO-Compass. It contributes to a better understanding and selection of Sentinel-2 scenes, and improves the planning and interpretation of remote sensing analyses.