黑河下游地区柽柳沙丘的气候与环境记录

对黑河下游地区柽柳沙丘沉积剖面进行AMS¹⁴C定年及沉积物粒度和Hg含量的综合分析,探讨了该区域从18世纪中期到21世纪初的气候与环境变化。结果表明:沙丘沉积物以细沙为主,粒度频率分布曲线呈明显的单峰形态,反映了单一的风力沉积作用;>100 μm的粗颗粒含量变化很好地指示了该区域冬季风的强弱变化,并记录了小冰期末期以来气候转暖的过程以及现代暖期中两个相对寒冷时期——20世纪10-20年代和50-60年代。沙丘沉积物中Hg主要来源于人类的工业活动,剖面Hg含量存在3个峰值,分别对应18世纪末的西班牙美洲地区银矿开采、19世纪中后期的北美淘金热、二次世界大战及战后经济复苏。此外,剖面中有两个样品Hg含量异常升高,其原因可能是1815年和1883年印尼的两次大规模火山喷发而引起的全球Hg沉降增加。     

2009年秋季闽江下游及闽江口水域叶绿素a含量的分布特征及其与环境因子的关系

根据2009年11月在闽江的多学科综合调查结果,探讨了闽江下游及闽江口水域chl-a含量的分布特征及其与环境因子的关系.chl-a含量分布呈闽江上游水域较低(平均值为3.17μg/dm3),南北两港最高,而后向闽江口逐渐降低的趋势.大樟溪发生水华,chl-a含量高达170μg/dm3,南港chl-a含量最高值为71.4μg/dm3,北港chl-a含量最高值为67.6μg/dm3.闽江北港高含量chl-a区内存在一个低pH、低含量DO区;而南港chl-a含量与盐度、PO4-P含量、DIN含量呈十分显著的负相关关系,与pH、DO含量呈显著的正相关关系;马尾至闽江口水域chl-a含量与盐度、pH、DO含量则呈十分显著的负相关关系,与DIN含量、SiO3-Si含量呈十分显著的正相关关系.北港和南港的高含量chl-a区,分别与北岸福州市污水排放及南部大樟溪高含量chl-a的输入密切相关.     

黄河下游影响带含水系统激发补给动态调蓄研究

黄河下游悬河的特殊地质环境条件,使黄河水与其影响带地下水水力联系密切,地下水开采潜力大。为优化水资源联合调度,刻画地下水集中供水水源地与含水系统调蓄的内在联系,根据地下含水系统岩性结构及地下水的补、径、排条件,按水源地定流量的开采方案,建立浅层地下水二维水流模型。应用FEFLOW软件,对黄河下游影响带10处地下水水源地进行激发补给动态调蓄模拟预测。结果显示,傍河水源地开采条件下,可以通过增大黄河的侧渗补给量,实现含水系统动态调蓄水资源的功能。     

支持突发接入模式EPON下行传输方案

分析了支持突发接入模式的EPON在下行传输中业务流特性的变化问题,提出了在下行传输时OLT向ONU分解转发帧的传输方案.通过对下行带宽资源实行基于优先级的调度,减少因数据帧到达的突发性对某些高优先级的数据帧的影响;利用滑动窗控制每个ONU的数据帧到达速率,解决大量数据帧到达造成ONU处理负荷过重的问题.利用OPNET Modeler仿真平台建立网络模型并进行仿真,验证了方案的可行性.     

黄河下游浅层地下水资源潜力与含水系统调蓄能力分析

该文对黄河下游地区地下水环境问题进行系统调查,采用对比分析方法,以环境约束为条件,评价黄河下游浅层地下水资源及其潜力,探讨浅层地下水资源变化的原因,并针对浅层地下水无潜力区进行了含水系统调蓄能力分析,提出合理开发利用地下水的模式和建议。近二十年来,由于黄河断流及气候的影响,黄河下游地区地下水补给条件发生了变化,与20世纪80年代相比,浅层地下水可开采资源减少19．19亿m^3／a,地下水资源潜力减少29．62亿m^3/a．在地下水无潜力区讲行含水系统调蓄尤为重要．     

重力坝坝后背管高烈度地震反应研究

考虑管道外包混凝土在设计荷载下开裂的影响,采用振型分解反应谱法,研究了重力坝坝后背管在9度地震作用下的自振特性和承载性能规律。研究表明:管道外包混凝土开裂对结构的自振特性影响较小,而对管道钢材应力和管腰截面应力影响较大;高烈度地震作用使背管上弯段至斜直段顶部出现双向裂缝,不利于钢衬与外包混凝土联合承载,同时管坝接缝面和管腰截面呈现较大的拉剪应力状态,不利于管道和坝体的联合承载;坝段间、岸坡坝段与岩体间有可靠的相互约束作用时,横河向地震作用对整体结构的承载性能影响很小。     

Downstream variation in bed sediment size along the East Carpathian rivers: evidence of the role of sediment sources

Taking as an example six main rivers that drain the western flank of the Eastern Carpathians, a conceptual model has been developed, according to which fluvial bed sediment bimodality can be explained by the overlapping of two grain size distribution curves of different origins. Thus, for Carpathian tributaries of the Siret, coarse gravel joins an unimodal distribution presenting a right skewness with enhanced downstream fining. The source of the coarse material distributions is autohtonous (by abrasion and hydraulic sorting mechanisms). A second distribution with a sandy mode is, in general, skewed to the left. The source of the second distribution is allohtonous (the quantity of sand that reaches the river‐bed through the erosion of the hillslope basin terrains). The intersection of the two distributions occurs in the area of the 0·5–8 mm fractions, where, in fact, the right skewness (for gravel) and left skewness (for sand) histogram tails meet. This also explains the lack of particles in the 0·5–8 mm interval. For rivers where fine sediment sources are low, the 0·5–8 mm fractions have a higher proportion than the fractions under 1 mm. For the Siret River itself, bed sediment bimodality is greatly enhanced due to the fact that the second mode is more than 25% of the full sample. As opposed to its tributaries, the source of the first mode, of gravel, is allohtonous to the Siret river, generated by the massive input of coarse sediment through the Carpathian tributaries, while the second mode, of the sands, is local. In this case we can also observe that the two distributions of particles of different origins overlap in the 0·5–8 mm fraction domain, creating the illusion of ‘particle lack’ in the fluvial bed sediments. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Recent changes in the sediment regime of the Pearl River (South China): Causes and implications for the Pearl River Delta

Riverine sediments have played an important role in the morphological evolution of river channels and river deltas. However, the sediment regime in the many world's rivers has been altered in the context of global changes. In this study, temporal changes in the sediment regime of the Pearl River were examined at different time scales, that is, annual, seasonal, and monthly time scales, using the Mann–Kendall test. The results revealed that precipitation variability was responsible for monthly and seasonal distribution patterns of the sediment regime and the long‐term changes in the water discharge; however, dam operation has smoothed the seasonal distribution of water discharge and resulted in decreasing trends in the annual, wet‐season, and dry‐season sediment load series since the 1950s. Due to the different regulation magnitudes of dam operation, differences were observed in sediment regime changes among the three tributaries. In addition, human activities have altered the hysteresis of seasonal rating curves and affected hysteresis differences between increasing and decreasing water discharge stages. Sediment supply is an important factor controlling river channel dynamics, affecting channel morphology. From the 1950s to the 1980s, siltation was dominant in river channels across the West River and North River deltas in response to the sediment increases; however, scouring occurred in the East River deltas due to sediment reduction. Significant erosion occurred in river channels in the 1990s, which was mostly due to downcutting of the river bed caused by sand excavations and partly because of the reduced sediment load from upstream. Although sand excavations have been banned and controlled by authority agencies since 2000, the erosion of cross sections was still observed in the 2000s because of reduced sediment caused by dam construction. Our study examines the different effects of human activities on the sediment regime and downstream channel morphology, which is of substantial scientific importance for river management.     

三峡大坝上下游水质时空变化特征

为探索三峡大坝上下游（坝上99.9 km、坝下63.0 km、全长162.9 km）水质时空变化特征,运用主成分分析和方差分析对2016年近坝段水质时空变化特征进行了分析.主成分分析表明,水文因子流量（Q）、气温（T）、水位（Z）和水质因子（水温（WT）、pH、电导率（EC）、溶解氧（DO）、悬浮物（SS）、高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）、硫酸盐（SO₄^2-）、氟化物（F^-）、总硬度（T-Hard）、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）、总氮（TN）和硒（Se））的变化主导着研究区域水质变化;各采样点主成分得分和双因素方差分析结果显示研究区域水质因子时间变化主要呈现出季节和不同水库运行时期的差异.消落期（2-5月）,T-Hard、F^-、SO₄^2-和EC是影响河流水质变化的主导因子;汛期（7-8月）,Q、SS、COD_Mn、NO₃^--N、TN和Se是影响河流水质变化的主导因子;T和WT主导着汛末（9月）河流水质变化,并引起了DO等理化特性的变化;高水位运行期（12月）,Cl^-是影响河流水质变化的主导因子.现阶段,DO、有机污染物（COD_Mn）、无机盐（SO₄^2-和F^-）、营养盐类（NO₃^--N和TN）、类金属元素（Se）和水体的矿化程度（T-Hard）的变化主导着区域水质的变化,是三峡大坝近坝段水域水质的控制因子.方差分析表明,河流的理化特性（DO、pH和SS）、营养盐组分构成（NH₃-N和NO₃^--N）、无机盐类（EC和Cl^-）、石油类有机污染物及粪大肠菌群（FC）等指标在坝上与坝下断面存在显著性差异.气温、水温、降雨、含沙量的季节性影响因素和水库调度运行模式是影响近坝段水质时间差异的主要因子;空间差异主要受城区污染排放和三峡水库调度引起的坝上和坝下水文和水动力学条件差异影响.因此控制研究区域因人类活动等造成的外源性污染,并针对不同类污染物质的季节变化特征实施合理的水库运行方式是近坝段水质提升的关键.     

Geomorphological evolution and sediment stratigraphy of numerically simulated alluvial fans

When a sediment laden river reaches a flat basin area the coarse fraction of their sediment load is deposited in a cone shaped structure called an alluvial fan. In this article we used the State Space Soil Production and Assessment Model (SSSPAM) coupled landform–soilscape evolution model to simulate the development of alluvial fans in two- and three-dimensional landforms. In SSSPAM the physical processes of erosion and armouring, soil weathering and sediment deposition were modelled using state-space matrices, in both two and three dimensions. The results of the two-dimensional fan showed that the fan grew vertically and laterally keeping a concave up long profile. It also showed a downstream fining of the sediments along the fan profile. Both of these observations are in agreement with available literature concerning natural and experimental fan formations. Simulations with the three-dimensional landform produced a fan with a semicircular shape with concave up long profiles and concave down cross profiles which is typical for fans found in nature and ones developed in laboratory conditions. During the simulation the main channel which brings sediment to the fan structure changed its position constantly leading to the semicircular shape of the fan. This behaviour is similar to the autogenic process of ‘fanhead trenching’ which is the major mechanism of sediment redistribution while the fan is developing. The three-dimensional fan simulation also exhibited the downstream fining of sediments from the fan apex to the peripheries. Further, the simulated fan also developed complex internal sediment stratification which is modelled by SSSPAM. Currently such complex sediment stratification is thought to be a result of allogenic processes. However, this simulation shows that, such complex internal sediment structures can develop through autogenic processes as well. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.