基于共姿态道集的静校正方法

静校正问题是地震勘探的关键问题,直接影响地震勘探精度和准确性.实际地震采集过程中,当在相同接收点位置上不同时间内插拔布设了不同的检波器时,对于目前基于地表一致性理论假设的基准面静校正和剩余静校正,以及非地表一致性剩余静校正都不具备适用条件.为解决这一问题,本文提出了基于共姿态道集的静校正方法,将相同接收点位置上不同时间布设的检波点所接收的地震数据抽成不同的共姿态道集,在共姿态道集内实施地表一致性静校正;当某接收点位置上具有若干个共姿态道集时,该接收点位置上可能会存在多个检波点静校量;炮点静校问题仍然采用地表一致性静校正方法解决.该方法解决了同一接收点位置上不同共姿态道集之间的非地表一致性静校正问题,同时也解决了全区的检波点和炮点的地表一致性静校正问题,在实际数据应用效果明显.     

Evaluation of WaPOR V2 evapotranspiration products across Africa

The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) portal to monitor water productivity through open-access of remotely sensed derived data (WaPOR) offers continuous actual evapotranspiration and interception (ETIa-WPR) data at a 10-day basis across Africa and the Middle East from 2009 onwards at three spatial resolutions. The continental level (250 m) covers Africa and the Middle East (L1). The national level (100 m) covers 21 countries and 4 river basins (L2). The third level (30 m) covers eight irrigation areas (L3). To quantify the uncertainty of WaPOR version 2 (V2.0) ETIa-WPR in Africa, we used a number of validation methods. We checked the physical consistency against water availability and the long-term water balance and then verify the continental spatial and temporal trends for the major climates in Africa. We directly validated ETIa-WPR against in situ data of 14 eddy covariance stations (EC). Finally, we checked the level consistency between the different spatial resolutions. Our findings indicate that ETIa-WPR is performing well, but with some noticeable overestimation. The ETIa-WPR is showing expected spatial and temporal consistency with respect to climate classes. ETIa-WPR shows mixed results at point scale as compared to EC flux towers with an overall correlation of 0.71, and a root mean square error of 1.2 mm/day. The level consistency is very high between L1 and L2. However, the consistency between L1 and L3 varies significantly between irrigation areas. In rainfed areas, the ETIa-WPR is overestimating at low ETIa-WPR and underestimating when ETIa is high. In irrigated areas, ETIa-WPR values appear to be consistently overestimating ETa. The relative soil moisture content (SMC), the input of quality layers and local advection effects were some of the identified causes. The quality assessment of ETIa-WPR product is enhanced by combining multiple evaluation methods. Based on the results, the ETIa-WPR dataset is of enough quality to contribute to the understanding and monitoring of local and continental water processes and water management.     

梯级水库作用下的长江流域水文设计成果修订研究

长江流域水文成果复核选取了48个水文站点作为研究对象,考虑站点上游已建具有较强调节能力的大型水库调蓄影响,对径流、洪水进行还原分析计算以保证系列的一致性,并对径流、洪水设计成果的变化进行对比分析。径流成果分析表明,延长系列后干支流主要控制站点的径流成果较为稳定,多年平均年径流量和各站点20%、50%和75%频率年径流设计值的相对变化均在5%以内;洪水成果分析表明,延长洪水系列后的百年一遇设计洪水成果与前期不同阶段采用成果相比变化不大,基本均在4%以内。     

采用LRM均值-方差规定化的遥感影像不均匀性校正

遥感影像中的不均匀现象是遥感影像处理中要解决的一个重要问题。现有的遥感影像不均匀性校正方法通常都是针对亮度不均匀进行处理的,对于反差不均匀性校正并没有好的解决方案。针对遥感影像中同时存在亮度、反差不均匀的情况,提出了一种基于LRM均值-方差规定化的不均匀校正算法。该方法以LRM影像分块处理为基础,结合影像均值-方差规定化原理,对遥感影像进行处理。实验证明,该方法不仅能够校正亮度不均匀现象,而且对于反差不均匀现象也有很好地校正作用,能够达到整体影像的亮度、反差一致性,获得更加清晰的影像。     

地图图形数字化中的坐标转换

讨论了气候应用专用数据库气温,降水,日照时数等常用气象资料进行质量检验的必要性,介绍了基本质量控制,时间一致性检验和空间质量控制的思路,方法和步骤。     

2019年辽宁及内蒙古冻土自动观测及其分钟数据的时间一致性检测

在辽宁省喀左站、辽阳站和内蒙古满洲里站统一安装5种型号冻土自动观测仪进行外场试验,采集2019年3—6月逐分钟冻土数据,采用纵横极值集合法,对采样数据进行时间一致性质量控制,与3站的人工定时数据进行对比分析。根据同期人工观测数据,判断冻土自动观测异常可疑数据和异常数据阈值,分别为5 cm和11 cm,据此开展验证。结果表明: 冻土自动观测仪分钟数据完整率为99.59%;冻土自动观测仪平均冻土层数与人工观测基本一致,符合冻土业务数据分布特性; 5种类型冻土自动观测仪均能较好地反映不同气候区域的冻土的分钟数据变化,冻土自动观测分钟数据质量控制阈值合理可靠。     

安徽省不同等级雾和重度霾时空分布特征及地面气象条件比较

雾和霾都是低能见度天气,生成条件相似。利用安徽78个地面站逐时观测资料,基于雾、霾发生物理条件,建立了不同等级雾日和重度霾日的观测诊断方法,重建了不同等级雾和重度霾的时序资料。根据各站强浓雾发生的同步性,将安徽分为5个雾、霾分布特征不同的区域,探讨了各区域不同等级雾及重度霾出现时地面气象条件的异同。结果表明:（1）安徽省强浓雾主要是辐射雾。强浓雾、浓雾和大雾空间分布形势大体一致,淮河以北东、西部和江南都属于强浓雾高发区,但各地强浓雾的时、空分布特征和影响系统不同;重度霾有明显的北多、南少、山区最少的分布特征。（2）强浓雾年变化呈双峰型分布,峰值在1月和4月,日变化为单峰型,峰值在06时;而重度霾年变化为单峰型,峰值在1月,日变化为双峰型。（3）在强浓雾的高发时段（02—08时）,强浓雾时降温幅度最大,比重度霾平均高1℃,风速显著偏低,超过75%的样本风速低于1.5 m/s,且无明显主导风向;而重度霾时,风速比雾时明显要大,个别区域有超过75%的样本风速大于1.5 m/s,且以西北风到东北风为主。说明重度霾能否演变为强浓雾的关键地面气象因子是风速、风向和降温幅度。      

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Damage–viscoplastic consistency model with a parabolic cap for rocks with brittle and ductile behavior under low‐velocity impact loading

This paper presents a damage–viscoplastic cap model for rocks with brittle and ductile behavior under low‐velocity impact loading, which occurs, e.g. in percussive drilling. The model is based on a combination of the recent viscoplastic consistency model by Wang and the isotropic damage concept. This approach does not suffer from ill posedness—caused by strain softening—of the underlying boundary/initial‐value problem since viscoplasticity provides a regularization under dynamic loading by introducing an internal length scale. The model uses the Drucker–Prager (DP) yield function with the modified Rankine criterion as a tension cut‐off and a parabolic cap surface as a compression cut‐off. The parabolic cap is smoothly fitted to the DP cone. The strain softening law in compression is calibrated with the degradation index concept of Fang and Harrison. Thereby, the model is able to capture the brittle‐to‐ductile transition and hardening behavior of geomaterials under highly confined compression, which is the prevailing stress state under a bit‐button in percussive drilling. Rock strength heterogeneity is characterized statistically at the structural level using the Weibull distribution. An explicit time integrator is chosen for solving the FE‐discretized equations of motion. The contact constraints due to the impact of an indenter are imposed with the forward increment Lagrange multiplier method that is compatible with explicit time integrators. The model is tested at the material point level with various uniaxial and triaxial tests. At the structural level confined compression, uniaxial tension tests and a rock sample under low‐velocity impact are simulated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

局部特征匹配的卫星影像几何偏差估计可行性分析

几何定位偏差是评估卫星影像质量的重要参数之一。本文利用特征匹配方法进行卫星影像几何偏差估计,并对该方法的可行性进行分析。首先,选取包含典型地物的局部卫星影像构建路标基准影像库;其次,采用局部点特征描述子对卫星影像与路标基准影像库进行亚像素提取与匹配,确定同名像点,然后为提升同名像点匹配精度,提出了顾及空间关系与几何一致性约束的匹配策略,继而,对卫星影像与路标基准影像库的匹配像点进行内插计算,获取同名像点的地理空间坐标;最后,通过差值计算得到卫星影像相对路标基准影像的偏移参数,完成几何偏差估计和可行性分析。本文以我国风云卫星为例,选取包含海岸线、湖泊、山脉、河流及岛屿的局部卫星影像集构建路标基准影像库,并选用SIFT、SURF、ORB 3个局部特征进行测试分析。测试结果表明,基于局部特征匹配策略对卫星影像几何偏差估计的系统误差小于0.1像素,定量地证明了局部特征匹配方法对卫星影像几何偏差估计的可行性。