基于钻进状态监测的智能工况识别

钻进过程状态监测旨在实时描述钻进工况,判断运行性能优劣程度进行非优追溯,及时指导司钻人员调整作业操作,保证钻进过程安全、高效、稳定开展。钻进工况是钻进系统运行状态的反映,因此开展面向状态监测技术的钻进工况识别研究具有重要的理论和应用价值。本文针对钻进工况识别问题,基于状态监测数据,建立基于支持向量机的钻进工况识别模型,对钻进工况进行识别。综合工况识别结果,对钻进效率进行评估,并对影响钻进效率的因素进行讨论,寻找提升钻进效率的手段。最后,采用钻进现场实钻数据进行仿真实验,验证所提方法的可行性和有效性。     

花岗岩残积土动态冲击性能的SHPB试验研究

为研究花岗岩残积土的动态冲击性能,开展了高速冲击下的分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）试验,与常规应变率下的试验结果比较,分析了高应变率对花岗岩残积土的应力?应变特性和强度的影响。结果表明：低、高应变率下的花岗岩残积土的?-?a（轴向应力?轴向应变）曲线均呈现出软化型。随着应变率 增加,?-?a曲线向?a增大的方向移动,破坏应变?af增加。但高应变率下?af增加的程度更加明显。花岗岩残积土的峰值强度普遍具有应变率依赖性,二者可用直线关系拟合,但低、高应变率下的拟合关系并不一致。提出了率敏性因子m定量评价依赖性强弱。研究发现,随着应变率的提高,强度的应变率依赖性减弱,低应变率下的m为26.694,而高应变率下仅为0.013。相关试验结果指出,高速冲击荷载对土体总体有害。工程中应该采取合理措施控制冲击荷载的危害。该研究有助于深化花岗岩残积土动态冲击性能的理解,为相关工程的施工与设计提供技术参考。     

铁路路基粗粒土填料临界动应力试验研究

粗粒土填料被广泛应用于铁路基床填料中,直接承受轨道结构传递的列车动循环荷载的长期作用,研究其在列车动荷载作用下的动力行为特征及塑性变形特性可为路基状态评估、沉降控制提供思路。采用GDS动三轴试验系统对铁路基床表层的粗粒土填料动力响应开展研究,通过引入塑性应变率和安定理论,将不同频率、围压、循环动应力比等条件下路基填料的轴向塑性应变的发展规律划分为塑性安定、塑性蠕变和增量塑性破坏3种类型,并确定了塑性安定和塑性蠕变状态的临界动应力水平。研究表明：粗粒土填料的临界循环应力比随着围压的增大而增大,随着荷载频率的增加而减小。通过对试验结果的拟合分析,提出了以围压为变量的临界动应力经验公式,为合理评估列车荷载作用下路基任意深度的动力稳定提供了理论依据。     

多功能水合物沉积物三轴试验系统的研制与应用

研制了新型多功能水合物沉积物三轴试验系统,系统由供-排气模块、应力加载模块、温控模块、数据采集模块和辅助模块组成。利用泵驱动高压液体施加围压和轴压,加载方式有恒压、恒流、梯度增压、跟踪气压模式,可以实现不同条件下的水合物合成、三轴剪切。围压跟踪气压的功能使水合物生成过程中净围压不变,保证了试样初始条件一致性。根据围压液体积变化测量试样体积变形,通过设置回压泵压力变化方式控制水合物气压,可以模拟不同降压速率条件下的水合物沉积物分解变形。以泥质粉细砂和二氧化碳为材料制作了三轴试样,进行了水合物合成、三轴剪切和降压分解试验,检验了仪器的可靠性。     

级配碎石填料大三轴试验及累积塑性应变预测模型

级配碎石作为重载铁路基床表层的主要填料,其受列车荷载的影响最大。因此,研究级配碎石在循环荷载作用下的动力行为及累积塑性应变演化特征变得尤为重要。首先,通过制备不同细粒含量的级配碎石填料,开展一系列大型动三轴试验,探究细粒含量、围压及动应力幅值对循环荷载作用下试样累积塑性应变的耦合影响机制。其次,基于塑性安定理论,确定不同应力水平下试样的动力行为,得到考虑围压及细粒含量参数的塑性蠕变状态临界动应力计算模型。最后,结合试验数据,建立考虑应力水平及细粒含量参数的塑性蠕变动力行为累积塑性应变预测模型,并明确各参数的物理意义。其研究成果可为既有重载铁路路基健康状态评估及考虑强度、变形综合控制的路基结构设计提供参考。     

Adsorption Mechanism and Kinetic Characterization of Bituminous Coal under High Temperatures and Pressures in the Linxing‐Shenfu Area

The majority of coalbed methane(CBM) in coal reservoirs is in adsorption states in coal matrix pores. To reveal the adsorption behavior of bituminous coal under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions and to discuss the microscopic control mechanism affecting the adsorption characteristics, isothermal adsorption experiments under hightemperature and high-pressure conditions, low-temperature liquid nitrogen adsorption-desorption experiments and CO2 adsorption experiments were performed on coal samples. Results show that the adsorption capacity of coal is comprehensively controlled by the maximum vitrinite reflectance(Ro, max), as well as temperature and pressure conditions. As the vitrinite reflectance increases, the adsorption capacity of coal increases. At low pressures, the pressure has a significant effect on the positive effect of adsorption, but the effect of temperature is relatively weak. As the pressure increases, the effect of temperature on the negative effect of adsorption gradually becomes apparent, and the influence of pressure gradually decreases. Considering pore volumes of pores with diameters of 1.7-100 nm, the peak volume of pores with diameters 10-100 nm is higher than that from pores with diameters 1.7-10 nm, especially for pores with diameters of 40-60 nm, indicating that pores with diameters of 10-100 nm are the main contributors to the pore volume. The pore specific surface area shows multiple peaks, and the peak value appears for pore diameters of 2-3 nm, indicating that this pore diameter is the main contributor to the specific surface area. For pore diameters of 0.489-1.083 nm, the pore size distribution is bimodal, with peak values at 0.56-0.62 nm and 0.82-0.88 nm. The adsorption capability of the coal reservoir depends on the development degree of the supermicroporous specific surface area, because the supermicroporous pores are the main contributors to the specific pore area. Additionally, the adsorption space increases as the adsorption equilibrium pressure increases. Under the same pressure, as the maximum vitrinite reflectance increases, the adsorption space increases. In addition, the cumulative reduction in the surface free energy increases as the maximum vitrinite reflectance increases. Furthermore, as the pressure increases, the surface free energy of each pressure point gradually decreases, indicating that as the pressure increases, it is increasingly difficult to adsorb methane molecules.     

中国深层地热能开采的地质条件评价

深层地热能是指深度大于3 000 m的地热能。我国深层地热能资源丰富,但是开采条件怎么样呢?本文基于地热地质学原理,结合岩石力学等相关学科的理论,提出一种对深层地热能开采条件进行评价的指标体系,对各单一指标采用专家打分的方法赋值,继而采用模糊数学定量计算和评估深层地热能资源开发的难易程度。该方法考虑了深层地热能开发利用中的增强地热系统(EGS)的环境安全问题,即传统的“刚性造储”可能带来的诱发地震等不利于地热能行业健康发展的因素,倡导“柔性造储”和广义EGS理念,强调储层属性和地物理场的整合,针对我国地热能分布与构造活动关系密切、地壳总体上活动性强、地应力高、地震频发等构造型地热特点,是对以往评价方法的补充和拓展。该方法充分利用了专家知识,发挥了模糊数学综合评估作用,给出的量化结果易于对比和使用,可以更好地支持决策。本文基于新的评估方法,利用现有的深部地热研究及勘探成果,评估了中国大陆地区九个区域深层地热能开发的难易程度,评价区包括西藏南北地堑系、云南西部火山型地热区、青海东部共和盆地以及东北、华北等。从本文的结果可以看出,我国深层地热能开采的地质条件复杂,开采难度较大。     

Effect of microstructure on stress–strain and pore-pressure response of sabarmati sand under the influence of mica

ABSTRACT

Micaceous soil is believed to be detrimental for civil engineering constructions due to the effect of high compressibility, low compacted density and low shear strength. Individual mica particle has numerous intact mica flakes foliated over each other making it flexible upon loading and rebound upon unloading due to its low hardness and resilient nature. Hence, micaceous soils with mica content more than 10% are considered undesirable for highway pavements, embankments and railway track constructions. When platy mica particles are sufficiently numerous to interact with spherical sand particles, bridging and ordering phenomena are augmented within the soil mass creating unique sand-mica particle orientation (MS microstructure) unlike sand-sand particle orientation (PS microstructure). The current experimental research was conducted to evaluate the variation in stress–strain, pore pressure and effective stress path response of Sabarmati sand under the influence of mica (sand with 30% mica and pure sand) with MS and PS microstructure respectively. Effect of particle crushing on stress–strain and pore pressure response was also studied on Sabarmati sand with MS and PS microstructure. Distinctive macroscopic response was observed in Sabarmati sand with MS microstructure under the influence of mica as well as mica particle crushing.     

A new concept for estimating the influence of vegetation on throughfall kinetic energy using aerial laser scanning

Soil loss caused by erosion has enormous economic and social impacts. Splash effects of rainfall are an important driver of erosion processes; however, effects of vegetation on splash erosion are still not fully understood. Splash erosion processes under vegetation are investigated by means of throughfall kinetic energy (TKE). Previous studies on TKE utilized a heterogeneous set of plant and canopy parameters to assess vegetation's influence on erosion by rain splash but remained on individual plant- or plot-levels. In the present study we developed a method for the area-wide estimation of the influence of vegetation on TKE using remote sensing methods. In a literature review we identified key vegetation variables influencing splash erosion and developed a conceptual model to describe the interaction of vegetation and raindrops. Our model considers both amplifying and protecting effect of vegetation layers according to their height above the ground and aggregates them into a new indicator: the Vegetation Splash Factor (VSF). It is based on the proportional contribution of drips per layer, which can be calculated via the vegetation cover profile from airborne LiDAR datasets. In a case study, we calculated the VSF using a LiDAR dataset for La Campana National Park in central Chile. The studied catchment comprises a heterogeneous mosaic of vegetation layer combinations and types and is hence well suited to test the approach. We calculated a VSF map showing the relation between vegetation structure and its expected influence on TKE. Mean VSF was 1.42, indicating amplifying overall effect of vegetation on TKE that was present in 81% of the area. Values below 1 indicating a protective effect were calculated for 19% of the area. For future work, we recommend refining the weighting factor by calibration to local conditions using field-reference data and comparing the VSF with TKE field measurements. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

不同类型洞体应变仪的观测差异性分析

运用SPSS中聚类及PCA方法对湖北省7个台站三类基线(石英管、铟钢棒、铟钢管)洞体应变观测记录进行相关统计分析,归纳总结其潮汐参数变化特征差异,并针对观测中自然环境因素影响进行定量分析。结果显示:(1)三类基线中,铟钢棒类M2波潮汐因子、中误差及M1波相对噪声水平较低,铟钢棒管年均漂移量最小;(2)自然环境因素(气压、降水、雷雨、温度)对湖北地区洞体应变观测影响较为显著,等量气压影响下应变量最小的为铟钢管型,等量温度影响下应变量最小的为铟钢棒型。