Influence of length effect on embankment slope reliability in 3D

Embankment slopes composed of spatially variable soils have a variety of different failure modes that are affected by the correlation distances of the material properties and the geometry and total length of the slope. This paper examines the reliability of soil slopes for embankments of different length and uses parallel computing to analyse very long embankments (up to 100 times the embankment height) for a clay soil characterised by a spatially varying undrained shear strength. Based on a series of analyses using the 3D random finite element method (RFEM), it is first shown that the reliability of slopes of various length can be efficiently computed by combining simple probability theory with a detailed 3D RFEM analysis of a representative shorter slope of length 10 times the slope height. RFEM predictions of reliability indices for longer slopes are then compared with results obtained using Vanmarcke's (1977a) simplified 3D method and Calle's (1985) extended 2D approach. It is shown that these methods can give significantly different results, depending on the horizontal scale of fluctuation relative to the slope length, with RFEM predicting a lower slope reliability than the Vanmarcke and Calle solutions in all cases. The differences in the solutions are evaluated and attributed to differences in the assumed and computed failure surface geometries.     

Inference of in situ stress from thermoporoelastic borehole breakouts based on artificial neural network

The determination of in situ stresses is very important in petroleum engineering. Hydraulic fracturing is a widely accepted technique for the determination of in situ stresses nowadays. Unfortunately, the hydraulic fracturing test is time-consuming and expensive. Taking advantage of the shape of borehole breakouts measured from widely available caliper and image logs to determine in situ stress in petroleum engineering is highly attractive. By finite element modeling of borehole breakouts considering thermoporoelasticity, the authors simulate the process of borehole breakouts in terms of initiation, development, and stabilization under Mogi-Coulomb criterion and end up with the shape of borehole breakouts. Artificial neural network provides such a tool to establish the relationship between in situ stress and shape of borehole breakouts, which can be used to determine in situ stress based on different shape of borehole breakouts by inverse analysis. In this paper, two steps are taken to determine in situ stress by inverse analysis. First, sets of finite element modeling provide sets of data on in situ stress and borehole breakout measures considering the influence of drilling fluid temperature and pore pressure, which will be used to train an artificial neural network that can eventually represent the relationship between the in situ stress and borehole breakout measures. Second, for a given measure of borehole breakouts in a certain drilling fluid temperature, the trained artificial neural network will be used to predict the corresponding in situ stress. Results of numerical experiments show that the inverse analysis based on finite element modeling of borehole breakouts and artificial neural network is a promising method to determine in situ stress.     

An extended finite volume method and fixed-stress approach for modeling fluid injection–induced tensile opening in fractured reservoirs

Fluid injection–induced tensile opening is modeled using an extended finite volume method (XFVM). An embedded fracture strategy is used for the flow problem, that is, the fractures are discretized using finite volume segments without resolving the grid around them. Further, the discontinuities across fractures are modeled using special basis functions. The fracture openings due to enhanced fluid pressure and the associated shear slip due to traction free boundary condition on the fracture segments are both modeled using these special discontinuity basis functions. Mass transfer between fractures and matrix is modeled using the pressure difference. The enhancement of fracture storativity due to tensile opening leads to stronger coupling between flow and mechanics. An iterative scheme relying on the fixed-stress approach for fractures, which conserves the stress dependent terms over each iteration of the flow problem, has been introduced. Tensile opening has been simulated for single fractures embedded in two- and three-dimensional matrices. The convergence criterion for sequentially implicit fixed-stress scheme for fractures embedded in elastic media is established and has been validated numerically. Further, for 2D simulations, the effect of the matrix permeability for fracture propagation due to tensile opening has been studied.     

基于模糊物元模型的中国旅游生态安全评价及障碍因子诊断研究

基于DPSIR模型构建旅游生态安全评价指标体系,利用模糊物元模型对中国31个省（市、区）（不含港澳台）旅游生态安全进行动态评价,并运用空间自相关分析空间格局演化特征。同时借助障碍度模型,对旅游生态安全的障碍因子进行诊断。结果表明:① 旅游生态安全呈现出波动增长的“W”型演化趋势。2013—2016年中国旅游生态安全在空间上呈现出“东部高、西部低”的分布格局,但随着时间推移,出现“北部高、南部低;中间高、两边低”的格局变化;② 从全局来看,2013—2017年中国旅游生态安全在空间上呈现出显著的空间集聚分布的特点,但集聚程度有逐渐下降的态势。从局部关联来看,各省旅游生态安全空间分布存在着空间集聚特征和省域间的空间依赖性;③ 各省旅游生态安全障碍因子存在显著差异,障碍度高于10%的障碍因子较多,主要的障碍因子有旅游经济密度、游客密度、烟尘排放、生活垃圾处理率和污水处理率等。因此,在大力发展旅游业时,需充分考虑经济发展程度和旅游生态安全提升能力;同时还要注意旅游政策与环境保护政策的协调性。     

适用于矢量瓦片缓存替换的视点相关预测区域算法

传统的缓存置换策略未充分考虑数据访问的空间特征,也不适用于基于矢量瓦片的替换。该文根据矢量瓦片的空间数据结构,提出一种适用于矢量瓦片缓存替换的视点相关预测区域算法:首先根据瓦片存储中多分辨率金字塔结构进行空间单元划分,并根据用户操作类型求解矢量瓦片及空间单元热度,从而构建用户视点位置相关的预测区域;然后综合考虑瓦片层级、空间单元热度及距离等因素进行预测区域分析,获得瓦片缓存价值并进行瓦片置换。通过与传统的FIFO、LRU和LFU缓存策略相比较,该算法的瓦片命中率比FIFO和LRU分别提高了近50%和20%,瓦片的请求耗时分别缩短了50%和30%左右,相比LFU也有明显优势。该研究为WebGIS提供了一种更具潜力的瓦片缓存方法。     

柴达木盆地西北部长垄状雅丹沉积物地球化学元素组成及指示意义

雅丹沉积物蕴含丰富的区域环境变化和物源演变信息。以柴达木盆地西北部的长垄状雅丹为研究对象,通过对地球化学元素的研究,探讨沉积物的化学风化特征及其对物质输移的指示意义。结果表明：（1）雅丹沉积物的常量元素以SiO₂、CaO、Al₂O₃、MgO和Na₂O为主,微量元素Cl、Sr、Ba和Zr含量较高。相较于上陆壳平均化学元素组成,雅丹沉积物常量元素CaO和MgO富集程度较高,微量元素中Cl和As富集程度较高。（2）雅丹沉积物的CIA值平均为39.03,且在A-CN-K三角图上准平行于A-CN连线,主体在斜长石与钾长石连线的下方,因此雅丹沉积物的化学风化程度较低,处于初期的脱Na、Ca阶段。（3）特征元素比值表明雅丹体内赋存的大量细颗粒物质为廊道流沙的源区。细颗粒物质经过外营力的风化、剥蚀等过程而出露,在雅丹廊道内堆积并向下风向输移,遇阻堆积而形成沙丘。雅丹是否为下风向黄土的物源区,尚需进一步验证。     

基于ArcEngine的带状图批量制图方法研究

带状图具有折点位置难处理、生成算法复杂等特点,是城市地下管线信息系统建设的难点之一。本文基于ArcEngine组件对象模型,提出了一种通过计算带状图图幅顶点坐标的途径生成带状图的方法,对带状图顶点坐标计算方法及折线端点处理方法进行了重点研究,提出了基于ArcEngine索引图的带状图批量制图输出方法,并且最后通过实验验证了研究方法的可行性。     

河南电网输电线路舞动的气象要素指标研究

利用2009—2010年河南省3次输电线路舞动过程的探空站资料和地面气象站观测资料,分析了输电线路舞动的气象要素特征,得出输电线路舞动的气象要素指标:(1)700~850 hPa存在≥0℃的暖层,其下存在0℃的冷层。(2)700 hPa以下空气接近饱和,温度和露点温度的差值≤2℃。(3)地面温度-4~1℃,风速≥3 m·s~(-1),相对湿度≥70%。利用1998年至今的探空数据和地面气象站观测数据,以及2015年11月至今的模式数据,对上述指标进行了检验。最后以2015年11月22—24日河南电网的舞动过程为例,采用上述指标绘制了舞动分布图,发现利用该指标预报的舞动格点涵盖了电网实际监测到的发生舞动的杆塔,该指标具有一定的适用性。     

汉江上游黄土常量元素地球化学特征及区域对比

本文对汉江上游黄土的常量元素含量及相关地球化学参数CIA、Na/K、淋溶系数、退碱系数、残积系数等进行了系统分析。结果显示：① 汉江黄土的主要化学成分为SiO₂、Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃,三者含量总和达767.3 g/kg;常量元素含量大小排序为SiO₂>Al₂O₃>Fe₂O₃>K₂O>MgO>Na₂O>CaO。风化成壤过程中Na、Ca、Mg、Si发生不同程度的迁移淋溶,而Fe、Al、K相对富集。② 其风化成壤强度呈现从马兰黄土L₁→过渡性黄土L_t→古土壤S₀逐渐升高、全新世黄土L₀又降低的规律,记录了该区域气候经历了末次冰期（55.0-15.0 ka BP）冷干、早全新世（15.0-8.5 ka BP）增温增湿、中全新世（8.5-3.1 ka BP）达到最暖湿,晚全新世（3.1-0.0 ka BP）降温变干的演变过程。③ 汉江黄土与洛川、巫山、下蜀黄土的元素组合特征高度一致,不同地区常量元素（CaO除外）含量十分接近且UCC标准化值变幅均小于0.25,这暗示了它们风化之初具有相似的风成沉积基础;但不同区域黄土的化学风化强度差异明显,大致呈现洛川黄土<汉江黄土<巫山黄土<下蜀黄土的趋势,与中国现代季风气候的空间变化规律相吻合,即不同地区黄土风化程度差异主要是东亚季风变化影响的结果。     

哈大巨型城市带要素集聚程度与生态环境水平关系演变

基于耦合模型和象限图法,从整体和内部分异2个角度对2000~2012年哈大巨型城市带要素集聚程度与生态环境水平演变及其关系进行分析,结果表明：哈大巨型城市带要素集聚程度呈波动上升的演变特征,生态环境则“先波动上升,后缓慢下降”,城市带整体要素集聚程度与生态环境水平间关系趋于协调,产业结构演变、资源消耗水平、经济密度是导致城市带要素集聚程度与生态环境水平协调度提高的主要驱动因子,其中产业结构演变的影响作用更加明显。城市带内部要素集聚的“四城市”格局已经形成,呈现出“核心-边缘”结构,要素集聚程度与生态环境水平可分为高级协调、要素集聚滞后、低级协调、生态环境滞后4种类型。4个区域中心城市要素集聚程度与生态环境水平关系趋向不协调,中心城市周边地区主要向要素集聚滞后型转变,资源型城市和重工业城市要素集聚程度与生态环境水平多表现为低级协调。