瞬变电磁测量在吐哈盆地十红滩铀矿区勘查中的应用效果

将瞬变电磁法应用于吐哈盆地十红滩地区铀矿勘查,采用分离回线装置方式进行测量,划分了找矿目的层的结构、埋深、厚度及空间展布特征,基本查明了矿区基底隐伏断裂及褶皱构造位置,研究认为解释出的构造与砂岩型铀矿成矿关系密切,对该地区铀矿找矿工作具有一定的指导作用。通过后期钻孔验证,取得了良好的地质效果。     

有机宝石材料Corallium elatius的多级结构构建

以重要的宝石级红珊瑚品种Corallium elatius为研究对象,采用偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜等测试手段,逐级还原了Corallium elatius样品从宏观到纳米的多级结构构建：有缺陷但具有一定定向性的纳米筹组成了亚微米单元;亚微米单元按一定方向排列形成了骨针单元;骨针单元的组合形成了片状单元;定向性近乎一致的片状单元沿界线（有机质）排列成了明暗相间的人字纹单元;人字纹单元以髓部为中心依次排列形成了Corallium elatius样品横截面的放射状纹理。每一级结构由更小尺度的结构单元组成,同时,多个同尺度单元又排列形成上一级结构。在这种多级嵌套结构中,每一级的结构单元具有几乎一致的定向性。随着结构单元尺度的细化,结构单元的定向程度降低。从生物矿物学角度探讨了不同尺度方解石模块的自组装模式,揭示了样品在有机质调控下的特殊结构,为后续的研究提供了方向。     

磁法和瞬变电磁法探测煤层火烧区边界及富水性

新疆天山某煤炭勘查区,需查明一水平内火烧煤层的下边界及其富水性。在综合分析该区地质资料及物性参数的基础上,采用了以磁法和瞬变电磁法为主的物探方法。磁法勘探测网设计为20m×80m,并在后期对西部测线进行了加长。根据测区实测磁异常分布图、低通滤波后磁异常分布图、向上延拓30m磁异常分布图及垂向二阶导数磁异常分布图,圈定火烧区主要分布在测区的北部。瞬变电磁法勘探测网设计为40m×80m,依据下1、下5及下10煤层底板富水异常分布图,解释下1、下5煤底板的富水性主要集中在测区的北部,与火烧区范围高度一致,而下10煤层底板富水性极不均匀,仅在测区北部煤层露头附近,受砂岩裂隙的影响,接受降水补给形成零星砂岩裂隙富水区。该解释成果经矿方钻孔验证,结论基本可靠。     

多种电磁测深技术在深部控矿构造探测中的应用研究—以泥河铁矿为例

长江中下游成矿带是我国东部重要的铁、铜多金属矿产资源基地,使用现代地球物理探测技术对该成矿带典型矿床深部结构进行探测,对认识深部矿床成因、总结找矿方法和深部找矿的实践具有重要意义。本文选取位于长江中下游成矿带庐枞矿集区内的泥河玢岩铁矿为实验区,开展了音频大地电磁(AMT)、可控源音频大地电磁(CSAMT)和瞬变电磁(TEM)等电磁法探测实验;通过对AMT、CSAMT和TEM数据的处理和反演,发现3者相同测线反演结果反映的控矿地质体电性特征基本一致,但细节上存在一定差异。综合3种电磁测深反演结果,电性特征刻画了砖桥组火山岩地层分布,分辨出闪长玢岩体的隆起部位和基本形态,揭示了矿体的赋存位置。认为在合理的数据采集、处理和反演条件下,电磁测深能有效地区分复杂地质构造条件下次火山岩与围岩的电性差异,找到控矿构造界面,从而推断出矿体的位置。     

层状介质任意形状回线源瞬变电磁场正反演

任意形状回线的电磁场可以看成是多个水平电偶极子的电磁场累加而成,因此,不论回线是何形状,只要将回线剖分为水平电偶极子,就可利用水平电偶极子的电磁场求取任意形状回线的电磁场。为了将回线剖分为电偶极子,根据测点到回线各边的距离将回线各边剖分为多个小段,使每小段满足水平电偶极子的条件;再将水平电偶极子进行数值积分,可得整个回线的电磁场。实验证明该方法在减小计算量的同时还能提高计算精度。     

台湾瘦长红珊瑚的纳微结构特征

采用电子显微技术观察台湾瘦长红珊瑚,研究了其纳微结构。扫描电子显微镜观察到瘦长红珊瑚的特殊微结构形貌及其中方解石的晶体排布;透射电子显微镜发现了瘦长红珊瑚内部方解石晶体的形态、大小和两层结构及有机物的赋存;高分辨透射电子显徽镜显示了纳米畴、晶格和晶体结构的过渡。体现了瘦长红珊瑚的有机～无机复合结构特征,揭示了纳微尺度的生物矿化作用的机理和过程,启示了医用复合功能生物材料的研究及仿生合成。     

瞬变电磁合成孔径成像方法研究

瞬变电磁法虽然广泛应用于资源勘探和工程勘察中,但仍存在一些亟待解决问题.迫切需要引进一些新的技术与方法,以进一步提高解释精度.由于瞬变电磁资料可以通过数学公式转换成虚拟波;多孔径瞬变电磁物理模拟证明TEM多孔径具有相干性;相邻位置上同一地质体的反射回波具有较好的相关性.所以,对于瞬变电磁资料可以进行多孔径合成成像.本文借助于合成孔径雷达的基本思想,提出一套新的数据处理方法,即采用相关叠加技术,实现多孔径数据合成.在完成瞬变电磁虚拟波提取后,将传统的以剖面为主的处理方式发展成为以测点为中心的多孔径合成,将传统的以单点处理方式发展成为逐点推移多次覆盖的处理方法.采用相关叠加的方法来进行合成孔径,由此大大提高瞬变电磁法的分辨率.从波场的角度拓展和丰富了瞬变电磁场的内涵,使得从实测资料中提取到常规瞬变电磁法提取不到的信息,对地下目标体成像更为有利.通过对所设计模型和实测资料处理,结果表明合成孔径成像效果较好.研究成果为发展瞬变电磁成像技术,提高分辨率提供了一条新途径.     

煤矿积水采空区瞬变电磁法探测的附加效应

煤矿积水采空区由于其复杂性,在进行瞬变电磁法探测时,常常会产生一些附加效应。从理论、试验出发,研究了附加效应的特点及探测曲线特征,并根据这些特点对实际工程进行了分析、解释,圈定的积水采空区经钻探验证,效果良好。      

Combining ECCI and FIB milling techniques to prepare site-specific TEM samples for crystal defect analysis of deformed minerals at high pressure

Dislocation microstructures in experimentally deformed single-crystal pyrope-rich garnet, (Mg,Fe)₃(Al,Cr)₃Si₃O₁₂, and polycrystalline forsterite, Mg₂SiO₄, were investigated by using electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with a focused ion beam (FIB)-microsampling. In the orientation-optimized ECCI method, we successfully observed individual dislocations across subgrain boundaries in a low-atomic-number mineral, pyrope-rich garnet (averaged Z-numbers, AZs ～ 10). Dislocations in a deformed forsterite (iron-free olivine) were also visible in the ECCI. In the ECCI on the single-crystal garnet, deformation bands consisting of dislocations, unusual contrasts in stripes and inhomogeneous distributions of sub-micrometer-sized pores were found. Further site-specific TEM observation on the deformation band revealed a high density of partial dislocations and stacking fault ribbons. The site-specific characterizations from ECCI to TEM, with assistance of FIB, can provide a new approach to investigate dislocation microstructures of deformed materials at high pressure and high temperature.     

Spectroscopic studies of synthetic and natural ringwoodite, γ-(Mg,Fe)<Subscript>2</Subscript>SiO<Subscript>4</Subscript>

Synthetic ringwoodite γ-(Mg_1?x Fe _x )₂SiO₄ of 0.4 ≤ x ≤ 1.0 compositions and variously colored micro-grains of natural ringwoodite in shock metamorphism veins of thin sections of two S6-type chondrites were studied by means of microprobe analysis, TEM and optical absorption spectroscopy. Three synthetic samples were studied in addition with Mössbauer spectroscopy. The Mössbauer spectra consist of two doublets caused by ^VIFe²⁺ and ^VIFe³⁺, with IS and QS parameters close to those established elsewhere (e.g., O’Neill et al. in Am Mineral 78:456–460, 1993). The Fe³⁺/Fe_total ratio evaluated by curve resolution of the spectra, ranges from 0.04 to 0.1. Optical absorption spectra of all synthetic samples studied are qualitatively very similar as they are directly related to the iron content. They differ mostly in the intensity of the observed absorption features. The spectra consist of a very strong high-energy absorption edge and a series of absorption bands of different width and intensity. The three strongest and broadest absorptions of them are attributed to splitting of electronic spin-allowed ⁵ T _2g → ⁵ E _g transitions of ^VIFe²⁺ and intervalence charge-transfer (IVCT) transition between ferrous and ferric ions in adjacent octahedral sites of the ringwoodite structure. The spin-allowed bands at ca. 8,000 and 11,500 cm^?1 weakly depend on temperature, whilst the Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ IVCT band at ~16,400 cm^?1 displays very strong temperature dependence: i.e., with increasing temperature it decreases and practically disappears at about 497 K, a behavior typical for bands of this type. With increasing pressure the absorption edge shifts to lower energies while the spin-allowed bands shift to higher energy and strongly decreases in intensity. The IVCT band also strongly weakens and vanishes at about 9 GPa. We assigned this effect to pressure-induced reduction of Fe³⁺ in ringwoodite. By analogy with synthetic samples three broad bands in spectra of natural (meteoritic) blue ringwoodite are assigned to electronic spin-allowed transitions of ^VIFe²⁺ (the bands at ~8,600 and ~12,700 cm^?1) and Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ IVCT transition (~18,100 cm^?1), respectively. Spectra of colorless ringwoodite of the same composition consist of a single broad band at ca. 12,000 cm^?1. It is assumed that such ringwoodite grains are inverse (Fe, Mg)₂SiO₄-spinels and that the single band is caused by the split spin-allowed ⁵ E → ⁵ T ₂ transition of ^IVFe²⁺. Ringwoodite of intermediate color variations between dark-blue and colorless are assumed to be partly inversed ringwoodite. No glassy material between the grain boundaries in the natural colored ringwoodite aggregates was found in our samples and disprove the cause of the coloration to be due to light scattering effect (Lingemann and Stöffler in Lunar Planet Sci 29(1308), 1998).