基于MINA框架的应急救助与地震灾情管理平台设计与实现

针对不同用户群体应急救助和地震灾情需求,基于MINA框架,运用阿里云基础架构、微信组件和应用程序接口等技术方法,设计并构建集灾情信息收集与报送、应急救助服务、科普宣教等功能于一体的管理平台。该平台的设计与实现不仅有利于震后现场应急队员收集并准确报送实时灾情信息,还可为被救助人员提供防震减灾知识和地震应急避难场所空间分布等应急救助信息,实现了应急救助与地震灾情的综合管理,提升了震后应急救助、应急指挥和辅助决策等方面的服务能力。     

乌海地区剪切波分裂研究

根据乌海地区构造环境,采用SAM方法研究乌海地区地壳各向异性特征,使用乌海地震台2014年1月至2020年6月数字地震波形进行分析。根据65个有效地震记录,得到乌海地区剪切波分裂参数,其中快剪切波平均优势偏振方向为NE63.1°±46.4°,慢剪切波平均时间延迟为（1.13±0.66）ms/km。乌海地震台快剪切波偏振显示出4个优势偏振方向,分别为NE、EW、NNE、NNW向。将得到的各向异性结果与研究区应力场和地质构造进行分析,认为研究区周边复杂的剪切波分裂变化是主压应力场、原地主压应力、断裂带分布共同作用的结果。     

三峡水利枢纽主体工程施工控制测量

介绍了采用测边三角网和GPS静态测量实施三峡工程加密控制网的应用情况,阐述了随着光电测距精度的不断提高及水电施工环境的影响,采用测边网加测距三角高程网实施控制网加密是当前行之有效的一种好方法;此外,GPS测量以其限定条件少、操作简单、高自动化的内业处理等优点为施工控制测量开辟了一条新途径。     

测绘工程中GPS RTK技术的应用实例

通过测绘工程地应用,简要介绍GPS RTK的原理和特点及在像控点联测中的快速、不受地域条件限制等特性。     

降雨下边坡开挖支护离心模型试验

为研究降雨下高速公路高边坡在开挖及运营过程中的变形规律及稳定性,以柳南公路改扩建工程某处典型高边坡为原型,利用大型土工离心机及自主研发降雨装置,开展12组不同开挖-支护时序边坡模型试验,通过对边坡从变形至破坏全过程监测,分析不同支护时序条件对边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:实时支护能有效抑制边坡在水平和竖向的变形,在边坡开挖至第1级和第6级后,坡顶水平变形分别降低33.9%和30.4%,竖向变形降低54%和11.6%;实时支护对维持降雨下边坡稳定状态非常有利,边坡开挖至第2、4、6级后遭遇降雨,其稳定系数降低了10.1%、5.4%、6.5%;相同降雨量下,无实时支护边坡的稳定系数要比实时支护至少降低50%,说明了实时支护对降雨下边坡稳定性的意义巨大。      

庆阳地区超高层巨厚层黄土地基工程地质特征

为了更深层次地了解黄土的地质特征,以庆阳地区某超高层巨厚层黄土地基为研究对象,对陇东黄土的物理和力学性能进行了深入探究。主要通过原位试验与室内试验,从地层结构、分布深度、液限、塑限、塑性指数、孔隙比、湿陷变形、剪切波速、地基土承载力、抗剪强度等方面对该地区黄土的工程性能进行了综合分析与评价,结果表明：5.0 m以内的马兰黄土湿陷性较强烈,黏聚力小,压缩性大;随着黄土厚度逐渐增大,离石黄土及午城黄土黏聚力增大,压缩性减小,呈轻微-中等湿陷性;受压超过400 kPa的马兰黄土、受压大于600 kPa的离石黄土及受压大于200 kPa的午城黄土均无湿陷性;15.0 m以内土体最大干密度为1.67~1.76 g/cm³,最优含水率为16.6%~17.7%;含水率高值相对集中在地下水位62.0 m以下、饱和度90.0%以上地区。     

Seismic indicators of focused fluid flow and cross-evaporitic seepage in the Eastern Mediterranean

We present for the first time a synthesis of the evidence of focused fluid flow in the Eastern Mediterranean, providing an updated record that includes recent and past occurrences through the last ca. 6 My of evolution of the basin. We do this by adding the interpretation of a previously unpublished regional 2D seismic dataset to the existing occurrences of focused fluid flow reported in the literature. Our interpretation shows a high number (141) of focused fluid flow features, which span the stratigraphic interval from late Miocene to Recent. Of these features, (82) are at the seabed, and (59) are buried. The previous published record is more difficult to quantify, but in comparison shows an overwhelming majority of seabed features, with only rare examples of buried features.The spectrum of the buried and seabed features covers pockmarks, pipes, mud volcanoes, clastic intrusions and collapse structures. Clustering of the fluid flow features is observed at different times in specific areas, including the Nile Cone, and the Levant, Herodotus, Cyprus and Latakia basins. With the buried record, we are able to highlight the evolution of the leakage points through time. Focused fluid flow venting has been occurring since the onset of the Messinian Salinity Crisis and the start of basinwide deposition of evaporites. We focus in particular on seismic indicators of leakage through evaporites, and of sub-evaporitic source for fluids and remobilised sediments. We also discuss the role of the evaporites as a seal to ascending fluids, and in which circumstances they can be breached.Fluids (and associated remobilised sediments) are sourced from different intervals, from the sub- and supra-evaporitic section, and possibly within the evaporites. Only a minor proportion of the fluid flow features are certainly sourced from below the Messinian evaporites, and most of them are located in the Nile-Levant-Eratosthenes areas. The few examples of pathways that are able to cross thick, undeformed and well preserved evaporites are typically correlated to overpressure release and hydrofracturing. This confirms that the evaporites do act regionally as a very good seal as expected, while fluids are able to cross the evaporites only in their most extreme expression, i.e. in near-lithostathic overpressure conditions. This is confirmed by our observations made in the Eastern Mediterranean, where in the presence of relatively undisturbed evaporites, cross-evaporite vertical fluid pathways are only observed at the high end of the flux-pressure range, and involve sediment remobilisation. Maps combining these different elements can be used to detect areas potentially more prone to breaching.     

Seafloor and buried mounds on the western slope of the Niger Delta

Seafloor mounds are potential geohazards to offshore rig emplacement and drilling operations and may contain evidence of underlying petroleum systems. Therefore, identifying and mapping them is crucial in de-risking exploration and production activities in offshore domains.A 738 km² high resolution three-dimensional seismic dataset was used to investigate the occurrence, seismic characteristics and distribution of features interpreted as seafloor and buried sediment mounds, at water-depths of 800–1600 m, on the western Niger Delta slope. Fifteen seafloor mounds and eighteen shallowly buried mounds were identified. The seafloor mounds are characterised by lower seismic amplitude anomalies than the surrounding seabed sediments, and overlie vertical zones of acoustic blanking. The buried mounds in contrast are characterised by high amplitude anomalies; they also directly overlie sub-vertical zones of acoustic blanking. Seismic evidences from the features, their distribution patterns and tectono-stratigraphic associations suggest that their formation was controlled by the juxtaposition of buried channels and structural highs and their formation caused by focused fluid flow and expulsion of entrained sediments at the seabed.Considering the acoustic and geometrical characteristics of the mounds and comparing them with mound-shaped features from around the world, we conclude that the mounds most likely comprise heterolithic seafloor extrusions of muds and sands from the Agbada Formation with gas and possibly oil in some of the pore space giving rise to the acoustic characteristics.     

Ice-sheet dynamics through the Quaternary on the mid-Norwegian continental margin inferred from 3D seismic data

Reconstructing the evolution of ice sheets is critical to our understanding of the global environmental system, but most detailed palaeo-glaciological reconstructions have hitherto focused on the very recent history of ice sheets. Here, we present a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the changing nature of ice-sheet derived sedimentary architecture through the Quaternary Ice Age of almost 3 Ma. An extensive geophysical record documents a marine-terminating, calving Fennoscandian Ice Sheet (FIS) margin present periodically on the mid-Norwegian shelf since the beginning of the Quaternary. Spatial and temporal variability of the FIS is illustrated by the gradual development of fast-flowing ice streams and associated intensification of focused glacial erosion and sedimentation since that time. Buried subglacial landforms reveal a complex and dynamic ice sheet, with converging palaeo-ice streams and several flow-switching events that may reflect major changes in topography and basal thermal regime. Lack of major subglacial meltwater channels suggests a largely distributed drainage system beneath the marine-terminating part of the FIS. This palaeo-environmental examination of the FIS provides a useful framework for ice-sheet modelling and shows that fragmentary preservation of buried surfaces and variability of ice-sheet dynamics should be taken into account when reconstructing glacial history from spatially limited datasets.     

Bannu Basin,fold-and-thrust belt of northern Pakistan: Subsurface imaging and its implications for hydrocarbon exploration

The Trans Indus-Salt Range, located in northern Pakistan, is one of the most tectonically active fold-and-thrust belts and comprises three main regions: the Potwar-Salt Range, the Kohat-Surghar Range and the Bannu Basin-Khisor Range. Of these, the Bannu Basin is the least studied and only a handful of publically accessible datasets and publications are available. Recently made public 2D seismic profiles and well data from the Bannu Basin indicate the presence of salt as well as evidence for a main detachment surface which is Neoproterozoic in age. Our findings suggest that the Salt Range Formation could be the main detachment for the entire basin.Interpretation also shows a Miocene-Eocene basin-wide unconformity that marks the Himalayan orogenic event which separates the pre-Himalayan from the syn-Himalayan sedimentary units. On the basis of seismic reflection data, we conclude that the basin experienced three main tectonic settings. An early stage of pre-Himalayan passive tectonic environment is followed by the compressional Himalayan tectonics which resulted in uplifted areas sourcing the fluviatile fill of the subsided basin. During this time, sedimentation from the northern margin of the basin may have influenced the southward flow of salt. This is followed by a more recent stage of thrusting that produced folds and thrusts deforming all of the sedimentary units.Structural geometries suggest that prospective traps are developed mainly in the anticlines outlining the eastern and western boundaries of the Bannu Basin, as well as the southern zone of the basin. Furthermore, the presence of salt diapirism and transpression zones together with numerous oil seeps in and around the basin increase the probability of hydrocarbon accumulation and indicate great potential for future exploration.