On hydraulic falls of two-layer flow

Ｏｎｈｙｄｒａｕｌｉｃｆａｌｌｓｏｆｔｗｏ－ｌａｙｅｒｆｌｏｗ￥ＸｕＺｈａｏｔｉｎｇ;ＬｏｕＳｈｕｎｌｉ;ＴｉａｎＪｉｗｅｉａｎｄＳａｍｕｅｌＳｈａｎｐｎＳｈｅｎ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＰｈｙｓｉｃａｌＤｅｅａｎｏｐａｐｈｙａｎｄＰｈｙｓｉｃａｌｏｃ...     

Application of finite volume coastal ocean model to hindcasting the wind-induced sea-level variation in Fukuoka bay

The wind-induced sea-level variations at Hakata tidal station in winter are reproduced realistically using a one-way nested model. This nested model is constructed with a structured finite-difference Princeton Ocean Model (POM) for the Tsushima-Korea Straits, and an unstructured Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) for Fukuoka Bay divided into triangular-cell grids. The correlation coefficient and root-mean-square error between observed and modeled results are 0.742 and 1.88 [cm], respectively. Moreover, the results show that the nested model with FVCOM is more accurate than the model in which FVCOM is replaced with a high-resolution POM for Fukuoka Bay. This indicates that the nested model constructed with structured and unstructured models works effectively in hindcasting the wind-induced sea-level variations.     

浙江海面变化的灰色模型分析与预测

应用灰色模型理论，分析了各影响海面变化因素的影响力度，指出影响浙江海面趋势性变化的主要因素是气温；建立了海面变化的灰色气温模型，其计算值与实测值吻合良好，可根据气温变化趋势预测未来海面变化趋势。若未来百年全球气温再上升１．５－５．５℃，浙江海面将对应上升２４－７８ｃｍ。灰色模型模拟还显示，未来平均高潮位于上升速率明显大于平均低潮位上升速率，潮差将逐渐增大，在相同平均海面升幅的情况下，未来海面上升对     

我国近代海平面变化与沿岸地壳升降的关系

本文从理论及实际资料两个方面入手,初步探讨了海平面与沿岸地壳这两个独立变量之间的相互关系。结果表明,只有对两者变化幅度值进行数学分析,才能确切地了解海岸升降的原因;我国东部沿岸新构造时期地壳的升降活动所反映的海平面升降变化总体上显示为北高南低特征,该特征与沿岸断块构造差异活动(北降南升)密切相关,而根据地壳形变测量、验潮站观测资料所得的海平面则相反(北低南高)。这一矛盾现象似可用长周期趋势变化与短周期瞬时变化的“非等效性”予以解释。文中还认为南海海域近代海面上升与沿岸地壳下降活动关系密切;以地壳年均升降速率为指标划分地壳垂直活动强度类型应是一种可行的方案;华南沿岸既有“相对稳定”岸段,也有“活动”及“强烈活动”岸段。     

Personalized risk messaging can reduce climate concerns

One potential barrier to climate policy action is that individuals view climate change as a problem for people in other parts of the world or for future generations. As some scholars argue, risk messaging strategies that make climate change personally relevant may help overcome this barrier. In this article, we report a large-n survey experiment on San Francisco Bay Area residents to investigate how providing spatially-resolved risk information to individuals shapes their climate risk perceptions in the context of sea-level rise. Our results suggest that personalized risk messaging can sometimes reduce concern about sea-level rise. These experimental effects are limited to respondents who believe that climate change is happening. Further, we do not find an effect of providing local risk messages on an individual's willingness to pay for regional climate adaptation measures. Our results emphasize that local messaging strategies around sea-level rise risks may not have the clear impacts that some advocates and scholars presume.     

Integrating knowledge to assess coastal vulnerability to sea-level rise: The development of the DIVA tool

This paper describes the development of the DIVA tool, a user-friendly tool for assessing coastal vulnerability from subnational to global levels. The development involved the two major challenges of integrating knowledge in the form of data, scenarios and models from various natural, social and engineering science disciplines and making this integrated knowledge accessible to a broad community of end-users. These challenges were addressed by (i) creating and applying the DIVA method, an iterative, modular method for developing integrating models amongst distributed partners and (ii) making the data, scenarios and integrated model, equipped with a powerful graphical user interface, directly and freely available to end-users.     

The last interglacial sea-level high stand on the southern Cape coastline of South Africa

The continental margin of southern South Africa exhibits an array of emergent marginal marine sediments permitting the reconstruction of long-term eustatic sea-level changes. We report a suite of optical luminescence ages and supplementary amino acid racemization data, which provide paleosea-level index points for three sites on this coastline. Deposits in the Swartvlei and Groot Brak estuaries display tidal inlet facies overlain by shoreface or eolian facies. Contemporary facies relations suggest a probable high stand 6.0-8.5 m above modern sea level (amsl). At Cape Agulhas, evidence of a past sea-level high stand comprises a gravel beach (ca. 3.8 m amsl) and an overlying sandy shoreface facies (up to 7.5 m amsl). OSL ages between 138 ± 7 ka and 118 ± 7 ka confirm a last interglacial age for all marginal marine facies. The high stand was followed by a sea-level regression that was associated with the accumulation of eolian dunes dating to between 122 ± 7 ka and 113 ± 6 ka. These data provide the first rigorous numerical age constraints for last interglacial sea-level fluctuations in this region, revealing the timing and elevation of the last interglacial high stand to broadly mirror a number of other far-field locations.     

青藏高原高海拔地区柏树生长季节的探讨

树木生长的主要季节是在春、夏季，这里是对温带和亚热带地区植物生长一般规律的概述，但是对青藏高原海拔地区的柏树来说，这一规律有所不同，根据青藏高原不同海拔站点0．8m-1.6m和3.2m深地温、土壤含水量和日照的年内分布以及30cm冻结及解冻期的分析表明，高原上四季期间，秋季地温比春季高，土壤含水量比春季大，秋季不论是地温还是土壤含水量都比春季更有利于柏树的生长，青藏高原高海拔地区柏树生长的主要季节是夏、秋季，并非春、夏季。高原上高海拔地区树轮宽度与秋季温度与呈现的关系是该地区特有的现象，是年轮气候研究中的一种新特征。     

东南沿海末次盛冰期古海平面标志与地震的关系──-100m以下最低海平面问题质疑

东南沿海末次盛冰期（２１～１４ｋａＢ．Ｐ，）滨海相沉积垂相分布多在海拔３８～－５０．８ｍ的范围内，以正向分布（海平面附近及以上）、正负向混合分布及负向（海平面以下）分布在断块交界区或其附近，是强震的主要发生地。在滨海相沉积垂向分布愈离散的区段，其地震活动性也愈强，本研究地区不存在末次盛冰期－１００ｍ以下的最低海平面，那些局部在外陆架海底发现的－１００ｍ以下的滨海相沉积，可能与地壳呈长趋势下沉作用有关     

The response of coastal marshes to sea-level rise: Survival or submergence?

In order to maintain an elevation in the intertidal zone at which marsh vegetation can survive, vertical accretion of the marsh surface must take place at a rate at least equal to the rate of relative sea-level rise. Net vertical accretion of coastal marshes is a result of interactions between tidal imports, vegetation and depositional processes. All of these factors are affected, directly or indirectly, by alterations in marsh hydrology which might occur as a result of sea-level rise. The overall response of coastal marshes to relative sea-level rise depends upon the relative importance of the inorganic and organic components of the marsh soil and the impact of increased hydroperiod on net accumulation. The varied combination of factors contributing to sediment supply, and their complexity at the scale of individual marshes, means that predicting the response of suspended sediment concentration in marsh floodwater to any changes which may occur as a result of sea-level rise, at anything other than the local scale is unlikely to be accurate. The impact of sea-level rise on net below-ground production is also complex. The sensitivity of certain species to waterlogging and soil chemical changes could result in a change in species composition or the migration of vegetation zones. Consequently, predicting the net impact of sea-level rise on organic matter accumulation is fraught with difficulties and requires improved understanding of interactions between vegetation, soil and hydrologic processes.