Improvement of spatial interpolation accuracy of daily maximum air temperature in urban areas using a stacking ensemble technique

ABSTRACT

The reliable and robust monitoring of air temperature distribution is essential for urban thermal environmental analysis. In this study, a stacking ensemble model consisting of multi-linear regression (MLR), support vector regression (SVR), and random forest (RF) optimized by the SVR is proposed to interpolate the daily maximum air temperature (T_max) during summertime in a mega urban area. A total of 10 geographic variables, including the clear-sky averaged land surface temperature and the normalized difference vegetation index, were used as input variables. The stacking model was compared to Cokriging, three individual data-driven methods, and a simple average ensemble model, all through leave-one-station-out cross validation. The stacking model showed the best performance by improving the generalizability of the individual models and mitigating the sensitivity to the extreme daily T_max. This study demonstrates that the stacking ensemble method can improve the accuracy of spatial interpolation of environmental variables in various research fields.     

引入Himawari-8卫星数据协变量的能见度样条插值方法

在ANUSPLIN薄盘光滑样条插值中,高相关协变量的选取决定了插值结果的精确性。本文选取2017—2019年大雾和霾能见度较差的天气过程,利用183个能见度观测站点对能见度进行插值,引入Himawari-8卫星的通道数据和DEM数据作为协变量对能见度的插值结果进行改进,并对能见度插值结果进行对比分析。研究表明,引入Himawari-8数据和DEM数据作为协变量的能见度插值结果在精度上有显著提高,尤其对雾区和霾区的边界范围和纹理的反演更为准确,基于Himawari-8卫星数据和气象监测站点的观测数据,使用协变量的方法进行能见度插值可以做为能见度监测网格化的一种有效途径。     

GPS水准移动曲面法功能新探

在简要分析了GPS水准拟合几种主要方法优缺点的基础上，重点探讨了移动曲面法和顾及似大地水准面模型的改进移动曲面法的特殊优点，指出了GPS水准拟合今后有待进一步研究的内容。     

遥感图像中云层遮挡影响消除方法研究述评

 综合评述了目前用于消除遥感图像云层遮挡影响方法的原理、应用现状及处理过程中存在的问题，并在同一实验区比较了同态滤波和Kriging插值等方法的处理效果，结果表明，Kriging插值处理具有一定的优越性。     

基于实测值分段线性内插模型的InSAR视线向同震位错分解-以青藏高原昆仑山MemＳsub8.1地震为例x,auto,auto,415px);}stylehf=httprztl.com business week launch

利用现场GPS定位的实测值，在尝试过最小二乘拟合并取得初步成果的基础上，进而采用更符合破裂带形态的线性立方插值函数，在破裂带主断面上，建立起一种理论与实测相结合的InSAR视线向(LOS)变化量的分解方程，得到了InSAR视线向位移分解的具有唯一性的解析解. 本文的解析法吸纳了GPS定点实测值的精度优势，利用InSAR全天候、准实时获取连续形变场的技术特点，通过数学近似，最终获得了主破裂带上连续变化的水平位错及垂直位错同震形变曲线.      

Using Remote Sensing Data to Delineate the Lineaments for Hydrothermal Mineral Prediction in Heqing Area, Northwest Yunnan Province, China

Lineament extraction and analysis is one of the routine work in mapping medium and large areas using remote sensing data, most of which are satellite images. Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper （ETM） of 945×1 232 pixels subscene acquired on 21 March 2000 covering the northwestern part of Yunnan Province has been digitally processed using ER Mapper software. This article aims to produce lineament density map that predicts favorable zones for hydrothermal mineral occurrences and quantify spatial associations between the known hydrothermal mineral deposits. In the process of lineament extraction a number of image processing techniques were applied. The extracted lineaments were imported into MapGIS software and a suitable grid of 100 m×100 m was chosen. The Kriging method was used to create the lineament density map of the area. The results show that remote sensing data could be useful to extract the lineaments in the area. These lineaments are closely correlated with the faults obtained through other geological investigation methods. On comparing with field data the lineament-density map identifies two important high prospective zones, where large-scale deposits are already existing. In addition the map highlights unrecognized target areas that require follow up investigation.     

基于灰色系统的黄龙钙华景观演化研究

黄龙的景观是在数万年的岩溶地质作用下的产物。近年来黄龙钙华出现了干涸、变黑、沙化等现象严重地影响了景观的观赏性。水资源在黄龙钙华发展变化中起着重要的作用，笔者通过收集并分析黄龙地区的监测数据，针对监测系统不健全．时序数据缺乏的特点，选用对时序数据要求不高、预测效果较好的灰色系统模型，以岩溶水体的pH值为指标预测了钙华未来的发展情况。采用地质统计学空间分析的克里金插值法，对预测结果进行插值获得了整个景区的钙华预测结果。笔者按pH值将钙华演化情况划为强侵蚀、弱侵蚀、堆积3种类型，指出黄龙钙华景观目前正处于动态平衡与消亡重组阶段。     

复杂地质地貌区地球化学异常识别非线性研究

应用现代数学非线性理论与方法对西南地区三江北段恒星错测区1：50000水系沉积物测量数据进行了异常识别的非线性研究。率先尝试用人工免疫算法对地球化学数据降噪，并采用分形含量面积法对降噪数据寻求异常下限，从而弥补传统方法确定异常下限出现的缺陷。在此基础上构造了测区地球化学元素分布的分形插值曲面，做出异常等值线图和异常分形插值图。处理结果令人满意。     

多普勒雷达降水产品优化

通过对雷达1h、3h降水产品进行应用检验，找出降水产品的局限性及其测量误差；利用反射率因子及自动站雨量资料，通过调整雷达混合扫描面弥补了降水产品因山脉等地物挡角大而缺测面大的缺陷；结合雨量站资料运用最优插值、卡尔曼滤波等方法对本地Z-I关系及降水产品进行调整优化；调整后的降水产品估测降水的误差明显减小，产品质量大为提高。     

空间结构函数在北京地区气象观测站网设计中的应用

通过统计1978—2000年北京东南低地形区有关台站在春季、夏季、秋季、冬季的逐日平均气温和水汽压的结构函数, 分季节分析了该地区这两个二类气象要素的线段及平面内插精度和台站间距的对应关系, 并根据内插标准误差不超过观测标准误差的原则, 对上述两要素在北京东南低地形区的合理布站方案及间距进行了估算, 可以为2008年北京奥运会气象服务系统建设中气象台站布网建设提供一定的依据。结果表明, 正三角形排列方案为北京东南地区二类气象台站的最佳布站方案, 且布站精度应小于等于16 km。