瞬变电磁测深波场变换中波形展宽原因探讨

波场变换技术使瞬变电磁测深反演应用层析成像技术成为可能,但变换后得到的电磁场量波形随偏移距和地层电导率的增大而展宽,严重影响着反演的空间分辨率。本文通过导出的大回线圈在均匀无耗媒质中的阶跃响应之解析表达式,分析了大回线圈的辐射场波形宽度与场点坐标的关系。应用这一关系和大地感应电流空间分布的特点,讨论了波形展宽的原因,并指出,波场变换中波形展宽是由于大地中感应涡旋电流在空间上呈体分布的特性所造成的。      

浅海底拖曳TEM系统的网络通讯研究

针对TEM仪器置于海底进行资源勘探存在的问题,采用带网卡的PC/104-HXL/P300作为接收机的主处理器.在Windows98系统下同时运行采集和网络通讯应用程序,实现了底层数据采集和远程高效高速数据传输等功能.     

不规则回线源层状介质瞬变电磁场正反演研究及应用

不规则回线内任一点的电磁场可以看成是其内部多个圆形回线在该点的电磁场之和,因此,只要求出不规则回线内各个圆形回线在该点的电磁场,将它们叠加就可得出不规则回线在该点的电磁场。此种方法的关键是如何在不规则回线内划分圆形回线。采用的方法是首先在不规则回线内以测点为圆心做一个圆,这时整个回线被分为圆内和圆外两部分;然后再将回线内圆外的部分划成众多的小圆形,此时就将求解不规则回线的电磁场转化为求解圆形回线的电磁场。     

Singular value decomposition as a denoising tool for airborne time domain electromagnetic data

Airborne time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) surveys are increasingly carried out in anthropized areas as part of environmental studies. In such areas, noise arises mainly from either natural sources, such as spherics, or cultural sources, such as couplings with man-made installations. This results in various distortions on the measured decays, which make the EM noise spectrum complex and may lead to erroneous inversion and subsequent misinterpretations. Thresholding and stacking standard techniques, commonly used to filter TDEM data, are less efficient in such environment, requiring a time-consuming and subjective manual editing. The aim of this study was therefore to propose an alternative fast and efficient user-assisted filtering approach. This was achieved using the singular value decomposition (SVD). The SVD method uses the principal component analysis to extract into components the dominant shapes from a series of raw input curves. EM decays can then be reconstructed with particular components only. To do so, we had to adapt and implement the SVD, firstly, to separate clearly and so identify easily the components containing the geological signal, and then to denoise properly TDEM data.The reconstructed decays were used to detect noisy gates on their corresponding measured decays. This denoising step allowed rejecting efficiently mainly spikes and oscillations. Then, we focused on couplings with man-made installations, which may result in artifacts on the inverted models. An analysis of the map of weights of the selected “noisy components” highlighted high correlations with man-made installations localized by the flight video. We had therefore a tool to cull most likely decays biased by capacitive coupling noises. Finally, rejection of decays affected by galvanic coupling noises was also possible locating them through the analysis of specific SVD components. This SVD procedure was applied on airborne TDEM data surveyed by SkyTEM Aps. over an anthropized area, on behalf of the French geological survey (BRGM), near Courtenay in Région Centre, France. The established denoising procedure provides accurate denoising tools and makes, at least, the manual cleaning less time consuming and less subjective.     

TEM study of the geoelectrical structure and groundwater salinity of the Nahal Hever sinkhole site, Dead Sea shore, Israel

Since the 1990s a large number of sinkholes have appeared in the Dead Sea (DS) coastal area. Sinkhole development was triggered by the lowering of the DS level. In the literature the relationship between the sinkholes and the DS level is explained by intrusion of relatively fresh water into the aquifer thereby dramatically accelerating the salt dissolution with creation of subsurface caverns, which in turn cause sinkholes. The main goal of our project was detection and localization of relatively fresh groundwater. During our study we used the transient electromagnetic method (TEM) to measure the electrical resistivity of the subsurface. As a test site we selected Nahal Hever South which is typical for the DS coast. Our results show that resistivity of the shallow subsurface reflects its vertical and lateral structure, e.g., its main hydrogeological elements explain the inter-relations between geology, hydrogeology, and sinkholes. The TEM method has allowed detailed differentiation of layers (clay, salt, etc.) in the subsurface based on their bulk resistivity. The 10 m-thick salt layer composed of idiomorphic crystals of halite deposited during the earlier Holocene period was extrapolated from borehole HS-2 through the study area. It was found that in Nahal Hever the typical value of the bulk resistivity of clay saturated with the DS brine varies between 0.2 and 0.3 Ωm, whereas saturated gravel and sandy sediments are characterized by resistivity between 0.4 and 0.6 Ωm. The high water salinity of the aquifer (enveloping the salt layer) expressed in terms of resistivity is also an important characterization of the sinkhole development mechanism. The electrical resistivity of the aquifer in the vicinity of the salt unit and its western border did not exceed 1 Ωm (in most cases aquifer resistivity was 0.2-0.6 Ωm) proving that, in accordance with existing criteria, the pores of the alluvial sediments are filled with highly mineralized DS brine. However, we suggest that the criterion of the aquifer resistivity responsible for the salt dissolution should be decreased from 1 Ωm to 0.6 Ωm corresponding to the chloride concentration of approximately 100 g/l (the chloride saturation condition reaches 224 g/l in the northern DS basin and 280 g/l in the southern one).Based on TEM results we can reliably conclude that in 2005, when most of sinkholes had appeared at the surface, salt was located within a very low resistivity environment inside sediments saturated with DS brine. Intrusion of relatively fresh groundwater into the aquifer through the 600 × 600 m²area affected by sinkholes has not been observed.     

瞬变电磁视纵向电导成像法在寻找深部隐伏金属矿中的应用

在甘肃北山地区寻找全隐伏深部矿床的勘查中,根据工作区的地质特征,运用V8多功能电法仪,使用瞬变电磁法(TEM)对全区进行了面积扫描,运用视纵向电导成像法进行资料处理和解释,使解释的地下地质体更趋于其赋存特征,从而基本掌握了该区金属矿床赋存的电性特征,为该区的进一步勘查提供了依据。     

云南兰坪-思茅盆地勐野井矿区钾石盐的特征及其沉积环境

本文运用X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、透射电镜-能谱(TEM-EDS)和工业C T等方法,对云南江城勐野井钾盐矿床580m运输坑道地质剖面钾矿石的特征进行了研究。XRD和TEM-ESD结果给出,矿石中的盐类矿物主要是石盐、钾石盐、硬石膏和菱镁矿,钾石盐主要赋存在青灰色岩盐和灰绿色泥砾质岩盐中。CT结果表明,青灰色钾盐矿体中的石盐呈近似圆形和棱角分明的角砾,钾石盐沿石盐角砾的边缘呈条带状或不规则状分布,在条带状的内部可见钾石盐呈粒状或团块状分布,其中粒状钾石盐可能以八面体和立方体为主,而团块状钾石盐无特定晶形。钾石盐的这种分布特征表明,该盐类矿床在蒸发沉积过程中,早期沉积的石盐体呈遭受外力破坏,后期形成的钾石盐沿其裂隙沉积,表明钾石盐形成晚于石盐,且可能有多次沉积。     

基于吸收边界条件的瞬变电磁法三维矢量有限元快速正演

瞬变电磁法的三维有限元正演通常采用齐次边界条件,为满足该边界条件,需要构建较大尺寸的模型,这降低了正演问题的求解速度.针对该问题,本文采用吸收边界条件代替齐次边界条件,以缩小模型体积,加快正演速度:首先,从时间域麦克斯韦方程组出发,推导了基于库伦规范的矢量势的微分控制方程,结合一阶吸收边界条件推导了相应的的弱形式方程;在此基础上采用一阶四面体矢量单元进行单元分析、Newmark法进行时间离散,实现了瞬变电磁法的快速三维正演.通过均匀半空间模型的解析解,H型地电断面的CR1Dmod解和相应模型有限元解的对比,验证了本文算法的正确性.均匀半空间模型分别采用吸收边界条件和齐次边界条件的正演结果对比表明:吸收边界条件确实可以提高三维正演的精度或者缩小模型尺寸、加快计算速度.     

Grain boundary dissolution porosity in quartzofeldspathic ultramylonites: Implications for permeability enhancement and weakening of mid-crustal shear zones

Quartzofeldspathic ultramylonites from the Alpine Fault Zone, one of the world's major, active plate boundary-scale fault zones have quartz crystallographic preferred orientations (CPO) and abundant low-angle (<10° misorientation) boundaries, typical microstructures for dislocation creep-dominated deformation. Geometrically necessary dislocation density estimates indicate mean dislocation densities of ∼10⁹ cm⁻². A significant proportion (∼30%) of grain boundaries (>10° misorientation) are decorated by faceted pores, commonly with uniformly-oriented pyramidal shapes. Only grain boundaries with >10° misorientation angles in polymineralic aggregates are decorated by pores. Mean grain boundary pore densities are ∼5 × 10⁸ cm⁻². Grain boundary pores are dissolution pits generated during syn-deformational transient grain boundary permeability, nucleating on dislocation traces at dilatant grain boundary interfaces. They have not been removed by subsequent grain boundary closure or annealing. Pore decoration could have led to grain boundary pinning, triggering a switch in the dominant deformation mechanism to grain boundary sliding, which is supported by evidence of CPO destruction in matrix quartz. Pore-decorated grain boundaries have significantly reduced surface area available for adhesion and cohesion, which would reduce the tensile and shear strength of grain boundaries, and hence, the bulk rock. Grain boundary decoration also significantly decreased the mean distance between pores, potentially facilitating dynamic permeability. Consequently, these microstructures provide a new explanation for strain weakening and evidence of fluid flow along grain boundaries in mylonites at mid-crustal conditions.     

TEM多分量响应模拟及曲线特征分析

针对定源回线装置瞬变电磁法观测三个分量瞬变响应的特点,利用三维正演模拟计算了均匀半空间以及不同产状低阻薄板的三分量响应,并对瞬变响应曲线特征进行了初步分析。计算结果表明,水平分量响应能够显示异常体的边界、位置,垂直分量响应主要反映异常中心。多分量综合解释可以更准确地反映地下异常体的中心位置、边界范围等几何参数,为实际资料解释提供依据。