南京雾-霾天气个例湍流运动特征的对比研究

利用超声风速仪、能见度仪等探测资料,采用Fortran、Matlab、Origin等软件处理数据并绘图分析,对比了南京郊区2013年12月4日一次霾过程、2013年12月7—9日一次雾过程和2013年12月3日一个晴天的湍流运动特征。结果表明,霾天和晴天平均水平风速、平均动能、湍流动能、湍流强度、摩擦速度、动量通量和热量通量都有明显的日变化,而这些参量在雾天没有明显的日变化,不同天气湍流参量大小有差异;霾、雾、晴天近中性层结下,u、v、w三个方向风速归一化标准差近似为常数,霾天分别为3.15、2.72、1.17,雾天分别为3.11、2.45、1.25,晴天分别为3.40、3.45、1.50;不稳定条件下霾、雾、晴天风速归一化标准差和湍流动能归一化标准差符合1/3幂次律,稳定条件下霾、雾、晴天无因次湍流动能均满足1/3幂次律;不稳定条件下霾、雾、晴天温度和湿度归一化标准差满足-1/3幂次律,稳定条件下霾、雾、晴天温度归一化标准差符合-2/3幂次律;雾天归一化u、v、w谱与Kansas谱吻合度比霾天和晴天高,霾天u、v、w谱峰值频率约为0.01 Hz,雾天u谱峰值频率约为0.004 Hz,v、w谱峰值频率约为0.1 Hz,晴天u、v、w谱峰值频率约为0.01 Hz。得出结论:雾天的边界层结构与霾天和晴天有所不同;不稳定条件下霾、雾、晴天风速、湍流动能、温度、湿度归一化标准差均符合莫宁-奥布霍夫相似理论;雾天归一化u、v、w谱比霾天和晴天更加符合莫宁-奥布霍夫局地各向同性理论,且霾天和晴天以机械湍流为主,雾天既有机械湍流也有热力湍流。     

沈大高速公路雾气候特征与气象要素分析

利用1958—2007年沈大高速公路沿线6站雾日资料对沈大高速公路雾的气候特征及气象要素进行分析。结果表明：沿海地区雾日偏多,且总体呈上升趋势,内陆地区雾日偏少,且呈下降趋势。内陆地区雾多出现在秋冬季,沿海地区多出现在夏季。雾多在凌晨至日出前后时段生成,日出后逐渐消散,持续时间多为1—3 h。相对湿度、气温、风速和风向对雾的预报有较好指示意义：当相对湿度在90%—100%时,春季气温为-5—15 ℃、夏季为16—24 ℃、秋季为-3~19℃、内陆冬季为-20~2 ℃,沿海冬季为-7~4 ℃范围内,内陆风速为0—3 m•s-1,沿海风速为0—6 m•s-1,且沿海地区为偏南风时,雾易发生。     

The spatial and temporal variability of fog and its relation to fog oases in the Atacama Desert, Chile

Fog has been studied in the Atacama Desert of Chile for the past ten years. This paper analyzes its temporal and spatial variability, relying in part on satellite images (GOES) to analyze the frequent orographic fog and the low cloud deck (stratocumulus, Sc) that generates advective fog in the area. Fog water fluxes were measured with Standard Fog Collectors (SFC). Field trips and observers provided information on cloud top and base and the presence of fog. Vegetation in fog oases were used to confirm the results of these surveys.The Sc moves onshore into the continent with different intensities depending on season and time of day. The maximum spatial extent occurs during winter and at night. Fog is frequent in the coastal cliffs, where fog water fluxes of 7.0 L m^− 2 day^− 1 were measured using a SFC. It is less frequent 12 km inland, where the collection rates were less than 1 L m^− 2 day^− 1. The height of the fog collector above the ground affected the collection rate. The highest fog water fluxes were recorded at Alto Patache at altitudes of between 750 and 850 m a.s.l. The growth or thickness of the cloud is important in the collection of fog water. The information that GOES provides on the altitude of the top of low clouds is used to analyze this factor. Fog oases are described and analyzed in relation to how the geographical location of fog influences the growth of vegetation.     

The climate of the coast and fog zone in the Tarapacá Region, Atacama Desert, Chile

In the Atacama Desert, the narrow littoral plain and the adjacent mountain range have a unique climate. This area is locally called the “coastal desert with abundant cloudiness”, and extends from the coastline up to an elevation of 1000 m. The climate is designated as being BWn according to Köppen's Climate Classification as adapted for Chile. In the original classification the acronym (Bn) is used for foggy environments. Toward the east a “normal desert” climate (BW) is found. This is known as one of the most extreme deserts of the world. In the BWn areas there are meteorological differences between low and high elevation zones. The climate of the coastal plains and the mountains is described in this paper in order to show that there is an area where the climate differs from those classified as BWn and BW in the Chilean Climate Classification. This area is located between 650 and 1200 m a.s.l. and contains several fog oases or lomas vegetation, rich in biodiversity and endemism.The weather is warmer near sea level, with an annual average temperature of 18 °C. At high elevation sites like Alto Patache, the temperature decreases at a rate of 0.7 °C for every 100-m increase in altitude. The average annual minimum temperature often approaches 1 °C in winter, while the mean annual temperature range is significant (8.3 °C in Los Cóndores). The mean monthly relative humidity in Alto Patache is over 80%, except during the summer months. During autumn, winter and spring high elevation fog is present in the study area at altitudes ranging from 650 m up to 1060 m, giving annual water yields of 0.8 to 7 L m^− 2 day^− 1. If vegetation is used as an indicator, the foggy zone lies between 650 m a.s.l. and 1200 m a.s.l. About 70% of the mountain range experiences the foggy climate, as opposed to the coastal plains that are characterized by a cloudy climate.     

辽宁中部城市群夏季大气能见度的观测研究

利用2009年6—8月辽宁中部4个城市的观测资料,分析了辽宁中部城市群夏季的季、月、日能见度分布,并探讨了能见度的日变化特征及其影响因子。结果表明:辽宁中部城市群内各城市夏季大气能见度月际变化趋势基本一致,天气系统和大气环境比较均一,具有明显的区域性特征;各城市大气能见度日变化呈明显的单周期谷、峰形分布,06时前后能见度最差,15—16时最好;大气细粒子、水汽和风速都对城市群能见度有一定的影响,其中,大气细粒子是主要影响因子;城市群夏季的低能见度时次,仅有一小部分是由轻雾引发的,而大部分则是由霾天气造成的。     

环渤海近海岸雾产生的天气条件及边界层特征分析

利用渤海沿岸微波辐射计、风廓线雷达、四分量辐射仪和超声风速仪等多种观测反演资料,并结合常规站点气象资料,卫星云图,浮标气象水文观测和FNL（Final）再分析资料研究了2016年12月17~19日一次环渤海大雾个例产生的天气水文条件以及边界层垂直分层的辐射和湍流特征。研究发现:（1）此次大雾出现在大陆低压前部、入海高压后部的西南低空急流控制区域,与强急流相伴的暖湿平流输送为雾区提供了稳定的逆温和持续的水汽积累,非常有利于大雾天气的形成;（2）水汽通量的分布与低空急流的移动密切相关,近地面比湿的增速与低空急流的强度成正比;（3）由于低空急流的水汽输送增湿了环渤海低层大气,从而增强了大气辐射的衰减效应,导致雾形成前向下短波辐射逐渐减小,向下长波辐射不断增加,净辐射在大雾形成后趋近于零;（4）逆温有效抑制了湍流的发展,近地层湍流动能和摩擦速度微弱。     

The hydrological significance of cloud forests in the Sierra de las Minas Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala

This paper discusses the hydrological significance of socio-economic practices such as agricultural land use change and forest extraction to communities adjacent to the Sierra de las Minas Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala. Cloud forest hydrology differs from most environments because of the increased frequency of fog interception and fog precipitation. Fog precipitation occurs when intercepted cloud droplets coalesce on foliar and woody surfaces as fog filters through the canopy, and represents a significant proportion of the annual water inputs to cloud forests especially during the dry season. Interception data from this study showed that fog precipitation contributed greater than 7.4% of the hydrological inputs at 2550 m and less than 1% at 2100 m in the Sierra de las Minas. During the dry season fog precipitation contributed 19% of the hydrological inputs to the water budget of the cloud forest. Fog precipitation may be a significant hydrological input to the water resources of the local population. Socio-economic practices such as the conversion of cloud forest to agricultural land may decrease water resources for communities in Guatemala that demand greater quantities of water.     

Inferring Low Cloud Base Heights at Night for Aviation Using Satellite Infrared and Surface Temperature Data

A nighttime image product that depicts areas of the lowest cloud base heights has been developed by combining brightness temperature data from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) Imager InfraRed (IR) bands centered at 3.9 μm and 10.7 μm, with hourly shelter temperatures from surface observing sites and offshore marine buoys. A dependent data sample showed a good correlation between the surface temperature minus IR cloud top temperature differences versus measured cloud base heights. Histogram analysis indicated that a temperature difference of less than 4-C related to a > 50% frequency of ceilings below 1000 ft above ground level, the threshold for Instrument Flight Rules (IFR). Using this result as a model, an experimental Low Cloud Base image product was developed that highlights regions of likely IFR ceilings. Validation of the Low Cloud Base product for two separate periods resulted in Probabilities of Detection of 67% and 72% and False Alarm Rates of 6% and 11%, respectively. Some regional variation observed could be related to the relative frequency of multi-layered overcast conditions. The biggest factor leading to underdetection of IFR ceilings by the GOES Low Cloud Base product is the presence of overlying clouds, including thin cirrus contamination. The GOES Low Cloud Base product shows potential for use as guidance for aviation meteorologists over both continental and marine areas.     

萍乡地区雾的特征分析及预报方法初探

选取萍乡和莲花2个站点1980—2003年722个雾日样本,按年、季、月对雾日的变化进行了分析,探讨了辐射雾、平流雾形成的主要气象因子和天气形势。通过普查气象因子和相关性回归分析,筛选出与雾日相关性比较好的6个气象因子,分别建立春、秋、冬三个季节雾的能见度预报方程,并进行了验证和实际应用。预报方程春季预报准确率最高,冬季次之,秋季相对较低。     

江西省雾日统计、地区分布及形成原因分析

从气候数据库中提取 1960～ 1993年每年 1～ 4月和 10～ 12月的雾日资料，统计分析了雾日地区分布特点，寻找出江西的多雾区和少雾区，并分析了多雾区和少雾区的成因。