西双版纳景洪市雾特征分析

本文分析了景洪市辐射雾的时空分布规律，生消机制，雾的微物理结构，结果表明：（１）景洪市辐射雾以雾季最多，１月份生成最早，消散最晚，持续时间最长；（２）离地表５０－１００ｍ为雾首先成层，都后雾顶可抬至３００ｍ高处；（３）雾的生成主要因地面和大气的辐射冷却，而雾的衰退是因太阳辐射地面的加热和热量向大气的湍流输送。     

洛阳机场大雾天气分析

分析洛阳机场1994年1月－1998年12月水平能见度＜1．0km的天气发现，98％的低能见度天气是雾造成的。在此基础上，探讨了洛阳机场出现的雾的种类及影响程度和变化规律。     

A simple model for potential dewfall in an arid region

It is not always easy to know, post-facto, whether both dewfall and fog may have occurred over a given evening period. Instrumentation limitations make it difficult to quantify dew deposition since they rely on artificial sensing surfaces that are either visually examined on a daily basis or recorded. In arid to Mediterranean regions, both dew and fog can play significant ecological roles as suppliers of moisture. Long-term observation records of dew and fog in such regions tend to be limited, however, due partly to a lack of interest and limited distribution of well-instrumented meteorological stations. Simple meteorological criteria are suggested here to calculate potential dewfall and to indicate whether fog was likely to have occurred over a given evening. A field campaign was carried out in the NW Negev desert, Israel, in September and October 1997, to collect meteorological data and carry out dewfall measurements.     

Role of the Water Vapour Greenhouse Effect in the Forecasting Of Fog Occurrence

Nocturnal measurements of air temperature, relative humidity, temperatureinversion-layer thickness, water vapour path and visibility-through-fog, madeunder non-foggy and foggy conditions in winter over two seasons at Delhi,are analysed to study the decrease in both rate of cooling and temperature inversion-layer thickness during the course of nights followed by fog occurrence.In particular, the decrease in the rate of cooling, compared to that on non-foggynights, is explained as due to the greenhouse warming effect by a layer of excessive,near-saturated water vapour trapped in a temperature inversion. Next, the linearprogramming technique is employed to forecast the occurrence of fog, where thevisibility-through-fog is minimized through its linear regression equation with thepair of variables, mean air temperature and temperature decrease over one hour(measuring rate of cooling at two convenient hours) in the pre-midnight period.This technique provides feasible solutions that enables one to forecast the occurrenceof radiative fog.     

最近40年中国雾日数和霾日数的气候变化特征

根据1971～2010年567个中国地面观测站点的雾日数和霾日数资料,分析了我国雾日数和霾日数的空间分布、季节变化以及年代际变化特征,并且利用REOF（旋转经验函数正交）分解对雾日数进行气候区划。结果表明：（1）雾主要分布在东南沿海地区、四川盆地地区、湘黔交界、山东沿海以及云南南部等地区。霾主要集中于华北、河南以及珠三角和长三角地区。（2）在季节变化上：秋、冬季雾和霾的分布大于春夏。（3）雾日数和霾日数年代际变化明显,雾日数在20世纪70至90年代较多,20世纪90年代以后减少;霾日数自2001年以来急剧增长。（4）雾日数可以共可分为10个区,其中华北区、川渝区以及长江中下游区是雾出现频率较高的几个重点区域。     

利用人工神经网络预报芜湖的雾

雾对人类的活动有着很大的影响，尤其是对军事活动影响更为突出。由于雾是一种小概率事件，准确地定点预报雾难度更大。本文提出了神经网络B－P算法输入层因子的筛选方法，隐层挑选、位置矩阵等特殊处理方法，它们对于网络的稳定学习是非常有效的。通过对芜湖雾日预报试验，取得了较为满意的试报效果。     

Fog water interception by Sophora denudata trees in a Reunion upper-montane forest, Indian Ocean

The forest water balance has never been studied in Reunion Island (Indian Ocean). This study focuses on the interception of fog water by Sophora denudata, an endemic tree, which provides an important water input into the hydrologic budget of the upper-montane forest. Canopy throughfall, rainfall and fog have been compared. The first data were obtained in 2001 in Nez de Bœuf, 2040 m asl, from manual rain gauges. The measurements were made during the day only. The aim was to propose a typology of events, to understand the spatial pattern of canopy throughfall, especially fogdrip, and their relation to the trade-wind direction. A second series of experiments, carried out in 2004 in Piton de Tangues, 2150 m asl, investigated how throughfall and atmospheric water varied with time, using automatic instruments such as the shielded Grunow-type fog collector. Here measurements were made continuously and night data were not excluded. Over a period of 8 months, the throughfall gauges, which were placed under the trees, indicated 1180 mm whereas the total amount of rainfall had reached only 948 mm. The difference (232 mm) is attributed to fog. Of 278 events, 234 showed fog contribution; fog occurred alone in 167 cases. The observations confirm what was found in Nez de Bœuf, namely that fog or rain can occur separately or together. The role of fog contribution to the forest water budget is significant: the spatial variation of canopy throughfall does not only depend on the type of event, but also on wind direction.     

台湾海峡海雾的气候分析

台湾海峡的雾主要集中于冬、春季、夏季较少,日变化表现为下半夜至上午前明显,中午至我前后出雾的机会较少,雾的持续时间以１－２ｄ为主,语文中还分析了产生雾过程的天气型,得出地面低压槽、温带气旋或静止锋等系统是造成台湾海峡雾的主要大气系统。     

霾与雾的区别和灰霾天气预警建议

霾与雾的区分是目前一个非常现实 ,又迫切需要解决的问题。而过去东南沿海各省不成文规定的用相对湿度区分的标准普遍偏低 ,区分霾和雾 ,应该根据影响天气系统的变化 ,结合各种判据来确定。考虑到近几年对气溶胶研究的新成果 ,大气中 0 .1μm以下的水溶性粒子主要是 (NH4) 2 SO4等组成的 ,>1μm的粒子主要是NaCl等组成的。这些物质的相变湿度大都在 80 %左右。建议将相对湿度<80 %时的大气混浊视野模糊导致的能见度恶化的天气现象确定为霾 ,相对湿度 >90 %时的大气混浊视野模糊导致的能见度恶化确定为雾 ,相对湿度介于 80～ 90 %之间时的大气混浊视野模糊导致的能见度恶化是霾和雾的混合物共同造成的 ,但其主要成分应该是霾。建议尽快制定灰霾指数和预警办法 ,开展灰霾天气预测预报预警方法的研究和业务平台建设 ,拓展气象服务领域 ,使环境气象产品更好地为社会公众服务 ,为政府实行动态调控的环保措施的决策服务。     

冀中南连续12天大雾天气的形成及维持机制

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、常规观测资料和加密观测资料,对2007年12月17-28日冀中南地区连续性大雾过程的天气背景和雾长时间维持的原因及热力、动力结构特征进行了分析。结果表明,大雾期间我国中高纬地区冷空气活动偏弱,500hPa受稳定的暖性宽广高压脊控制,为维持数日不散的大雾天气提供了有利的环流背景;850hPa及以下多以偏东风和偏南风为主,偏东风不仅使雾区近地层温度降低,而且还将海域水汽送至雾区;同时偏南风也为雾区源源不断地输送水汽,特别是东北风的维持有利于强浓雾的形成,这是大雾持久不消散的主要原因;低层弱辐合、正涡度区、弱水汽辐合和900hPa以上的暖脊有利于雾的稳定维持和发展;由于强冷空气的到来导致大雾消散,破坏了稳定的逆温层结。