北京城市通量足迹及源区分布特征分析

城市下垫面具有不同于其他下垫面的特殊复杂性,通量的源汇分布十分不均,导致直接测量以及定量的描述城市中水汽、二氧化碳等通量变得非常困难。涡动观测系统在城市通量观测中得到广泛应用,但由于涡动协方差观测系统传感器都架设在一定的高度上,其测量结果只反映特定点下垫面或某部分下垫面的物理过程,不能说明观测结果是否具有下垫面属性的代表性,无法反映观测通量的空间变异性。足迹函数(Footprint)的产生就是为了解决这一问题,其又称源权重函数,是描述近地面层表面源或汇的空间分布和仪器观测通量值之间关系的函数。本文采用北京325 m气象塔近1年7层涡动协方差观测数据、超声数据,分析了不同风向、不同稳定度、不同高度下足迹函数所表达的通量贡献区域范围的变化规律。结果表明,在大气稳定条件下时,通量贡献区范围的大小与主风向无显著差异,而不稳定条件下计算结果与主风向无关。在不同高度下所有稳定条件下通量贡献区范围要大于不稳定条件,中性条件则介于两者之间。8 m、16 m高度上的观测结果不能完全代表城市下垫面通量贡献区,47 m以上能够代表城市下垫面通量贡献区,280 m则已经包含了郊区和城区的权重平均。同一大气稳定度条件下,高度越高通量贡献区范围越大,90%通量贡献区范围与观测高度成线性关系,这种线性关系可以预测没有观测高度或者更高处的通量贡献区范围。     

A creep–rupture model of synthetic fiber ropes for deepwater moorings based on thermodynamics

The synthetic fiber ropes such as polyester, aramid and high modulus polyethylene (HMPE) are increasing applied to deepwater mooring systems for oil and gas exploitation. Due to that mooring ropes generally bear tensions for a long period, synthetic fiber ropes that are composed of the viscoelastic material would present creep behaviors and even the creep rupture, which is the failure mode of greatest concern especially for HMPE ropes and on which still less study can be found. A creep damage analysis of synthetic fiber ropes is of necessity to ensure the safe and economic operation of mooring systems. Therefore further investigation on the creep–rupture behavior is beneficial to fully establishing confidence in the viability of synthetic fiber ropes for deepwater moorings. In the present study, a creep–rupture model is proposed within the framework of thermodynamics to investigate the creep and damage behaviors of synthetic fiber ropes. Methods for identifying the model parameters are also proposed in detail, which apply to any component of fiber ropes such as the fiber, yarn, strand and rope. Experimental data of aramid yarns available from the literature are utilized to validate the constitutive model. Creep and creep–rupture tests of HMPE strands at different loading levels are specially performed to further examine the present model. The present work demonstrates that the proposed model can effectively describe the viscoelastic property and damage evolution of synthetic fiber ropes at different loading levels.     

Advances on Studies of Methane in the Arctic Ocean

Methane(CH₄) is an important greenhouse gas, CH₄ concentrations in atmosphere hve increased by 2-3 times since the Industrial Revolution. Considering the huge CH₄ storage in the Arctic Ocean, the fast increasing flux and their consequences are attracting more and more attention. This paper summarized the advances in the study of CH₄ in the Arctic Ocean, especially the distribution pattern and air-sea flux and its biogeochemical cycle in the Arctic Ocean. It also presented the research prospect for the future.     

胶州湾海底沉积物-海水界面磷酸盐交换速率和通量研究

根据交换速率连续函数计算法,应用实验室培养法测定了PO_4-P在胶州湾16个站位沉积物-海水界面上的交换速率。结果表明,PO_4-P的交换主要表现为由沉积物向水体的释放,其交换速率一般在 0.1～90 μmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1)范围内。根据 PO_4-P在不同类型沉积物-海水界面上的交换速率,估算出其在胶州湾海底沉积物-海水界面上的交换通量为 9.76×10~6mmol·d~(-1),仅占河流输入量的 24％,可提供浮游植物生长所需磷的 9％±3％。     

三亚河与三亚湾溶存N_2O分布特征与影响因素研究

2008年4月在三亚河设置24h观测连续站,10月在三亚湾设置13个采样站,同时采集大气、表层和底层海水样品,运用静态顶空气相色谱法对海水中溶存N2O的浓度进行了测定。结果表明,三亚湾海水中溶存N2O的浓度范围为7.57—15.04nmol/L,饱和度范围为101.8%—202.2%,均处于过饱和状态,明显受到三亚河水人为污染的影响;三亚河N2O浓度日变化范围在12.7—17.6nmol/L,饱和度范围在170.9%—236.9%,全天也均处于高度过饱和状态,表明三亚河和三亚湾都是大气N2O的源。对三亚河和三亚湾N2O浓度与盐度,营养盐的关系进行相关分析可得,其与盐度之间的关系为负相关,与硝酸盐,亚硝酸盐,氨盐的关系为正相关。此外还利用Liss提出的双层模型计算了三亚河和三亚湾的N2O海-气交换通量,分别为5.71—11.63μmol/(m2·d)、0.33—8.26μmol/(m2·d),表明三亚河与三亚湾水体中N2O的过饱和现象主要来源于城市污水的影响。