Estimating the short-term impact of fire on rangeland productivity in a semi-arid climate of South Africa

The short-term (2 years) influence of fire burning with the wind (head fire) and against the wind (back fire) on the productivity (above-ground phytomass and litter) and fire behaviour were determined over seven growing seasons (1995/96–2001/02) in a semi-arid rangeland. The results showed that head fires had significantly greater flame height and rate of spread than back fires. Fire caused a decrease of 40.5% and 22.5% in basal cover for the first and second seasons after burning respectively. The seasonal above-ground phytomass production and litter were significantly decreased by fire over all growing seasons. Seasonal production losses due to fire varied between 225 and 430 kg ha⁻¹. The relation between above-ground phytomass production loss due to fire, and two independent variables namely seasonal rainfall and fuel load (above-ground phytomass plus litter) before burning, were investigated. The multiple linear regression equations obtained for one (r=0.89) and 2 years (r=0.86) after a fire, can be used with great success in estimating seasonal production losses due to fire in semi-arid rangeland.     

青海瓦里关大气气溶胶元素富集特征及其来源

利用中子活化及PIXE和可见光灰度仪, 对青海瓦里关大气本底基准监测站的大气气溶胶样品进行了测量。通过元素相对浓度、富集因子和主因子分析等数据统计分析, 并结合同期的气团后退轨迹分布资料, 讨论了瓦里关大气气溶胶元素的组成及来源。结果表明, 位于青藏高原偏远地区的瓦里关大气气溶胶以土壤及地壳等自然来源为主, 因子分析的方差百分数给出瓦里关气溶胶中自然源的贡献率平均在70%以上。燃煤、交通及冶炼等人为源也占有一定比例。大气黑碳气溶胶的观测也表明人类活动影响的存在。人为源的影响多与来自东部及河西走廊等经济发达地区的气流有关。     

深溪沟水电站猫岩崩滑体的成因及稳定性评价

在论述猫岩崩滑体基本特征的基础上，对该崩滑体的成因进行了初步探讨；采用反分析优化参数计算，评价了崩滑体在各工况下的稳定性，研究结果为深溪沟水电站厂房布置方案的选择，提供了重要依据。     

Deformation modulus of heavily jointed–sheared and blocky greywackes by pressuremeter tests: Numerical, experimental and empirical assessments

Deformability of rock masses influencing their behavior is an important geomechanical property for the design of rock structures. Due to the difficulties in determining the deformability of jointed rock masses at the laboratory-scale, various in-situ test methods such as pressuremeter, dilatometer, plate loading tests etc. have been developed. Although these techniques are currently the best and direct methods, they are time-consuming and expensive, and present operational difficulties. In addition, the influence of the test volume on deformation modulus depending on the method employed is also important. For these reasons empirical equations to indirectly estimate the deformation modulus have also been recommended by several investigators as an alternative approach. In this study; the geomechanical quality of weak, heavily jointed, sheared and/or blocky greywacke rock masses, on which very concentrated civil works are continuing at the southern and southwestern parts of Ankara (Turkey), was assessed. The deformation modulus was determined by pressuremeter tests, the possible effects of variables on the derived deformation modulus from the pressuremeter test were evaluated by numerical methods, and the comparisons between the deformation modulus of the greywackes obtained from the pressuremeter tests and their geomechanical quality (GSI and RMR) were made. Numerical simulations revealed that the presence of a disturbed annulus around the borehole causes underestimation of the deformation modulus, while the effect of length to diameter ratio of the pressuremeter probe on the deformation modulus is minor. Based on the geo-engineering characterization assessments, mainly two greywacke rock masses with different geomechanical qualities were identified. Geotechnical quality of one of these rock masses was verified by the back analysis of two slope failures. The empirical equations to indirectly estimate the deformation modulus of the greywackes using their GSI and RMR values yielded high coefficients of correlation.     

Prediction of Elastic Modulus of Jointed Rock Mass Using Artificial Neural Networks

Two artificial neural network models for the prediction of elastic modulus of jointed rock mass from the elastic modulus of corresponding intact rock and joint parameters have been demonstrated in this paper. The data collected from uniaxial and triaxial compression tests on different rocks with different joint configurations and different confining pressure conditions, reported in the literature are used as input for training the networks. Important joint properties like joint frequency, joint inclination and roughness of joints are considered separately for making the network more versatile. Two different techniques of artificial neural networks namely feed forward back propagation (FFBP) and radial basis function (RBF) are used to predict the elastic modulus ratio.     

快速夯实法(RIC)在高速公路高填方及台背填土施工 中的技术研究

文中阐述了RIC工法及其设备,介绍了RIC工法施工工艺流程及夯击方案,研究了RIC工法在松散填土和填石工程、补强夯实工程及结构物台背填土夯实工程施工中的施工技术参数控制,并综述了RIC工法的施工检测方法。最后对RIC工法在郑少高速公路中的填路堤和桥台背填土压实中的应用情况进行了简单介绍。本文对RIC工法这一新工法的推广应用及指导该工法在高速公路建设施工等方面具有一定的意义。     

HBFNEnKF混合同化方法设计及检验

基于前后张驰逼近（Back and Forth Nudging,简称BFN）和集合卡尔曼滤波（EnKF）方法,构建了一种新的同化方法HBFNEnKF（Hybrid Back and Forth Nudging EnKF）混合同化方法,并将此同化系统分别与通道浅水模式（shallow water model）和全球浅水模式对接,检验了HBFNEnKF同化方法的有效性。同时,对比了集合均方根滤波（EnSRF）、HNEnKF (Hybrid Nudging EnKF)、HBFNEnKF三种方法在有误差模式中的同化效果。试验结果表明:HBFNEnKF同化方法保留了HNEnKF方法的同化连续性,解决了EnKF同化不连续不平滑的问题,同时还有着更快的收敛速度;当采用单变量分析试验时,HBFNEnKF方法的优势最为明显,表明HBFNEnKF能够较好地保持不同模式变量间的平衡。此外,增量场尺度分析结果表明:相比EnSRF,HBFNEnKF在大尺度范围有更好的同化效果,同时能够避免在中小尺度范围内出现大量的虚假增量。     

2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1地震破裂时空过程的统一模型

2001年昆仑山口西M_S8.1地震经历了一个复杂的破裂过程,其破裂长、幅度大、破裂速度多变,成为大陆型地震研究的典型地震。本文融合近场高精度大地测量观测（4幅InSAR影像,34个GPS点位同震位移）和高信噪比远震波形记录,基于有限断层反演理论,联合反演得到该地震同震破裂时空过程的统一模型;同时,基于欧洲区域台网波形数据,利用反投影方法获得高频破裂的时空展布。联合反演结果表明,破裂自西向东传播的过程中走向有所变化,破裂尺度达400km,最大滑移量达8m,地震矩大小为6.1×10²⁰Nm,对应的矩震级M_W为7.78。主断层破裂经历了3个阶段,其中,超剪切破裂阶段对应最大位错区域,破裂到达西大滩段与昆仑山口断层交叉处时,破裂速度与尺度迅速下降。反投影结果同样显示破裂的3个阶段空间上对应大地测量反演的3个最大破裂区,最大破裂区的扩展速度达6km/s,但超剪切破裂终止在断层交叉口东部约30km处断层走向发生转变的位置。