一种暖区降水形势特征和预报着眼点

１９９７年５月８日,清远市出现了一场罕见的暖区特大暴雨,日降水量为２９５－６ｍｍ。由于降水强度大、范围小,造成了人员伤亡和巨大的经济损失。本文通过对近２０年来清远出现的与这场降水类似的暖区强降水（指大暴雨和特大暴雨,下同）进行天气学分析,总结出这类强降水的天气学特征,并指出日常预报的着眼点。本文所用资料以０８时为准。１　降水特点　　（１）强度大日降水量都在１００－０ｍｍ以上,其中“５．１２”日降水量６４０－６ｍｍ,是清远５０年来最大的日降水量,“５－８”居第二位。　　　　表１清远６次强降水出现时…     

Thickness distribution and extent of sea ice and snow in Prydz Bay and surrounding waters observed in 2012/2013 austral summer

Three ship-based observational campaigns were conducted to survey sea ice and snow in Prydz Bay and the surrounding waters(64.40°S–69.40°S, 76.11°E–81.29°E) from 28 November 2012 to 3 February 2013. In this paper, we present the sea ice extent and its variation, and the ice and snow thickness distributions and their variations with time in the observed zone. In the pack ice zone, the southern edge of the pack ice changed little, whereas the northern edge retreated significantly during the two earlier observation periods. Compared with the pack ice, the fast ice exhibited a significantly slower variation in extent with its northernmost edge retreating southwards by 6.7 km at a rate of 0.37 km?d-1. Generally, ice showed an increment in thickness with increasing latitude from the end of November to the middle of December. Ice and snow thickness followed an approximate normal distribution during the two earlier observations(79.7±28.9 cm, 79.1±19.1 cm for ice thickness, and 11.6±6.1 cm, 9.6±3.4 cm for snow thickness, respectively), and the distribution tended to be more concentrated in mid-December than in late November. The expected value of ice thickness decreased by 0.6 cm, whereas that of snow thickness decreased by 2 cm from 28 November to 18 December 2012. Ice thickness distribution showed no obvious regularity between 31 January and 3 February, 2013.     

光电测雨技术及仪器

文章介绍了光电法测雨技术的原理和仪器的组成，并且与传统方法进行了对比，展现了光电法在诸多方面的优势。     

湖南紫鹊界梯田自流灌溉系统降水条件

为了全面认识湖南紫鹊界梯田系统的水循环机制,从降水条件的视角出发,基于紫鹊界地区及周边共11个气象站的1986—2015年降水序列数据,运用集中度、标准化降水指数等方法从降水量、降水年内分配、干旱频率等方面开展对比分析,以揭示紫鹊界地区梯田稻作自流灌溉系统所拥有的独特的天然降水条件。结果表明：紫鹊界地区3个气象站多年平均降水量达1 638.7 mm,比外围8个站平均高出177.4 mm,其中夏季(6—8月)平均降水量为675.1 mm,比外围8个站平均高出122.4 mm;紫鹊界3个站旬降水序列的平均集中度为0.373,明显高于外围8个站的平均值0.354,夏季是紫鹊界地区降雨的主要优势时段,多年平均降雨高峰为6月中旬,晚于外围8个站的6月上旬或5月下旬;紫鹊界地区5—8月的3个月时间尺度干旱频率有“先小后大”的特征,其中5月和6月的3个月时间尺度干旱频率明显要小于全区平均值,7月和8月要大于平均值;6月上旬—8月中旬是紫鹊界梯田灌溉的主要时期,紫鹊界地区降水年内分配、多年平均干旱频率分布特征等与紫鹊界梯田的水稻生长期形成良好的匹配关系,降水是紫鹊界梯田自流灌溉系统的重要自然支撑条件。     

黑龙江杂岩中蓝片岩的地球化学特征和云母片岩的40Ar-39Ar年龄对佳木斯地块晚古生代至中生代构造演化的制约

黑龙江杂岩作为存在于佳木斯地块西缘的牡丹江洋俯冲—增生的唯一直接记录,对限定佳木斯地块晚古生代—中生代的构造演化具有关键作用。本文主要对依兰和牡丹江地区出露的黑龙江蓝片岩和云母片岩分别进行了地球化学和⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar年代学方面的分析。研究结果显示,依兰和牡丹江地区的蓝片岩原岩均为碱性玄武岩,与OIB的地球化学性质相一致,指示其形成于洋岛环境。结合作者在依兰地区发表的蓝片岩原岩结晶年龄为～288 Ma,表明在早二叠世时期,佳木斯地块与松嫩地块之间存在古洋盆,即牡丹江洋。此外,在牡丹江地区黑龙江杂岩中获得的云母片岩白云母⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar年龄为187±2 Ma,其与变基性岩常常相伴产生,表明二者共同经历了牡丹江洋的俯冲消亡过程,因此代表了黑龙江蓝片岩的形成时代,即早侏罗世。综上,本文对佳木斯地块晚古生代—中生代的构造演化历史提出了新的解释,即:早二叠世,牡丹江洋一直存在于佳木斯地块与松嫩地块之间;早侏罗世,牡丹江洋向松嫩地块之下发生俯冲消减,进而造成佳木斯地块与松嫩地块发生碰撞拼贴。     

Impacts of Climatic Factors on Runoff Coefficients in Source Regions of the Huanghe River

Runoff coefficients of the source regions of the Huanghe River in 1956–2000 were analyzed in this paper. In the 1990s runoff of Tangnaihai Hydrologic Station of the Huanghe River experienced a serious decrease, which had at- tracted considerable attention. Climate changes have important impact on the water resources availability. From the view of water cycling, runoff coefficients are important indexes of water resources in a particular catchment. Kalinin baseflow separation technique was improved based on the characteristics of precipitation and streamflow. After the separation of runoff coefficient (R/P), baseflow coefficient (Br/P) and direct runoff coefficient (Dr/P) were estimated. Statistic analyses were applied to assessing the impact of precipitation and temperature on runoff coefficients (including Dr/P, Br/P and R/P). The results show that in the source regions of the Huanghe River, mean annual baseflow coefficient was higher than mean annual direct runoff coefficient. Annual runoff coefficients were in direct proportion to annual pre- cipitation and in inverse proportion to annual mean temperature. The decrease of runoff coefficients in the 1990s was closely related to the decrease in precipitation and increase in temperature in the same period. Over different sub-basins of the source regions of the Huanghe River, runoff coefficients responded differently to precipitation and temperature. In the area above Jimai Hydrologic Station where annual mean temperature is –3.9oC, temperature is the main factor in- fluencing the runoff coefficients. Runoff coefficients were in inverse relation to temperature, and precipitation had nearly no impact on runoff coefficients. In subbasin between Jimai and Maqu Hydrologic Station Dr/P was mainly affected by precipitation while R/P and Br/P were both significantly influenced by precipitation and temperature. In the area be-tween Maqu and Tangnaihai hydrologic stations all the three runoff coefficients increased with the rising of annual precipitation, while direct runoff coefficient was inversely proportional to temperature. In the source regions of the Huanghe River with the increase of average annual temperature, the impacts of temperature on runoff coefficients be-come insignificant.     

民国二十五年九月份各地气象通讯

广州:本月天气,晴雨分布,极不均匀,上旬各日均雨,下旬晴朗乾燥,滴雨全无,中旬多雾,晴云日数相等。雨量共计151.3公厘,上旬占116.1公厘;七日雨量最多33.9公厘,雨量超过10公厘者凡7日。最特别者,下旬湿度甚低     

无冷高压的南支低槽引起的雨雪凝冻过程分析

通过利用ＭＩＣＡＰＳ平台提供的党规资料和数值预报资料并结合卫星云图对２０００年１月２０～２１日的一次降温、降水和凝冻过程进行了分析。得知：无冷高压入侵下的单一南支低槽影响并配合低层切变线造成了这次降温、降雪和凝冻天气;同时,在对数值预报产品检验的基础上,也对这次过程预报失误的原因进行了分析和总结。