分析汶川“5•12”震害探求房屋“大震不倒”途径

本文围绕“大震不倒”主题,对汶川“5．12”特大地震震害进行了分析探究。文中涉及“大震不倒”设防目标、研究方法、房屋倒塌的震害特点等问题;对倒塌房屋分为薄弱层垮塌、沿开问垮塌、不规则体型垮塌3种类型进行了讨论,分析了垮塌的原因并提出了看法;同时还对“强梁弱柱”现象做了分析。最后,扼要对混凝土框架结构和砖混结构提出“大震不倒”的建议性意见。     

双剪双参数强度准则硬化函数的探讨

目前双剪强度理论在工程实际中得到了广泛的应用。基于双剪理论和相关流动法则,采用各向同性强化法则,选用等效塑性应变作为强化参数,从一致性条件出发,推导出双剪双参数强度准则本构模型硬化函数的显式表达式,并利用单轴加载试验数据得到硬化函数与硬化参数之间的微分关系,推导出考虑硬化的双剪双参数强度准则本构模型的弹塑性刚度矩阵,给出了求解双剪强度理论硬化函数的另一思路。通过工程算例验证,得出一些结论对实际计算具有一定的指导意义。     

嵌岩抗拔桩作用机制研究

嵌岩抗拔桩广泛应用于现代化建设的各个领域,但就其作用机制研究来说还有待进一步完善,关于其荷载传递特性、侧阻力分布规律及其影响因素等还存在许多模糊认识。以剪滞模型为基础,通过理论分析和验算,讨论了抗拔桩侧阻力分布规律、荷载-变位特性。结果表明：当抗拔荷载低于弹性极限抗拔时,桩侧阻力呈指数规律分布,荷载-变位曲线呈线性变化;当抗拔荷载大于弹性极限抗拔荷载时,桩侧阻力分为两段,其中脱黏段上侧阻力均匀分布,黏结段上侧阻力呈指数规律分布,荷载-变位曲线呈非线性规律变化。     

桩-土间剪切应力的传递探讨

对不同情况下桩-土间剪切应力进行了初步的理论分析,并基于ADINA有限元程序,对不同情况下的桩-土间剪切应力进行了计算对比分析。结果表明,同种土体和桩体条件下,各种模式达到极限状态时桩-土间剪切应力不同,堆载作用下负摩擦力值最大,抗拔桩负摩阻力值最小,桩顶受压桩、托桩的摩阻力值介于其间;桩材泊松比在0.15～0.35范围内时,桩侧摩阻力随泊松比的增大而增大。所得结论有助于进一步认识桩-土相互作用规律以及桩-土荷载传递机制。     

小应变条件下应力路径旋转对剪切模量影响

以重塑土经 固结形成的试样以及经 固结后通过特殊应力路径达到特定应力状态的试样为对象,研究了在小应变范围内应力路径旋转对土体剪切模量的影响以及剪切模量随应变变化的趋势。研究表明,在小应变范围内：（1）剪切模量的初始值随试验应力路径与近期应力历史间的夹角 增大而增大,当两者完全相反时,应力路径旋转对土体在小应变条件下的剪切模量影响最大;完全一致时,其影响最弱。（2）割线剪切模量总是大于切线剪切模量;剪切模量随着剪切应变的增加而衰减,且衰减规律保持一致,但应力路径、应变范围不同时其衰减幅度不同。在小应变条件下,土体表现出各向异性,但随剪切应变的增加而逐渐减小,最终表示为近似各向同性;同时由应力路径旋转对模量的影响也随着剪切应变的增加而逐渐衰减。     

颗粒破碎及剪胀对钙质砂抗剪强度影响研究

钙质砂是海洋沉积物中的一种,富含碳酸钙或其他难溶碳酸盐类物质的特殊介质。由于其颗粒质脆,受力后易产生破碎,表现出与常规陆源砂不同的力学性质。通过对取自南沙群岛永暑礁附近海域的钙质砂进行三轴剪切试验,分析了钙质砂颗粒破碎与剪胀对其抗剪强度的影响。试验结果表明,颗粒破碎与剪胀对钙质砂强度有着重要影响,低围压下剪胀对其强度的影响远大于颗粒破碎,随着围压的增加,钙质砂颗粒破碎加剧,剪胀影响越来越小,而颗粒破碎的影响则越来越显著;颗粒破碎对强度的影响随着围压的增大而增大,当破碎达到一定程度后颗粒破碎渐趋减弱,其影响也渐趋于稳定。     

土与结构接触面力学特性环剪试验研究

利用环剪仪对不同的土与混凝土接触面的力学特性进行了研究。分别对有泥皮及没有泥皮的接触面情况进行试验,并对剪切面位于黏土内的情况进行了试验。结果表明,不同接触面的应力-应变特性差异很大,泥皮的存在明显改变了接触面的性状;对没有泥皮的情况,剪切破坏面可能发生在土体内部,也可能发生在土-混凝土接触界面;而有泥皮时,破坏面始终发生在泥皮内部。试验的各种接触界面中,破坏时平均剪应力与法向应力具有较好的线性关系, 接触面强度可用摩尔-库仑准则较好地描述;当有泥皮存在时,摩擦角为没有泥皮时的63.4 %。     

饱和岩石剪切失稳后效分析

剪切载荷下的饱和岩石,在初始阶段出现几条细的剪切带,最后均形成一条剪切带。为了分析这个现象,将饱和岩石中剪切带的发展分为多阶段的过程进行分析,针对几个有限幅值扰动下剪切带的演化进行研究,获得了剪切带从几个小的非均匀扰动演化为最后充分发展的剪切带的详细过程。结果表明,剪切带的发展由两个阶段组成：非均匀剪切过程和实际剪切带发展过程。     

重庆主城区粉质黏土动力特性研究

采用自振（共振）柱和动三轴试验方法,得到重庆主城区粉质黏土动剪切模量和阻尼比随剪应变变化试验结果,比较分析试验值、文献[1]给出的推荐值和文献[2]给出的规范值的差异,并通过土层反应计算初步给出了这种差异对地表反应谱的影响,结果表明：(1) G/Gmax-γ关系中,规范值在中等应变时给出的G/Gmax比试验值和推荐值低;大应变时,相比较于试验值和推荐值,规范值衰减更快;(2) 相比较于λ-γ关系,G-γ关系经过Gmax归一化后,更具有一致性,粉质黏土阻尼离散性较大;(3) 试验值和推荐值计算的地表反应谱相差较小,但试验值和规范值计算的地表反应谱相差较大,特别是在随着输入地震动强度增大,这种差异性更显著。分析表明,重庆主城区进行土动力计算过程中,当无土动力特性试验资料时,选用规范值具有一定的局限性和风险,相比较于规范值,推荐值在一定程度上更具适用性。     

Juxtaposition of India and Madagascar: A Perspective

Proterozoic terrains in South India and Madagascar provide important clues in understanding the Gondwanaland tectonics, especially the assembly of this mega-continent during the Pan-African period. The Archaean terrains in both Madagascar and India are characterized by N-S trending greenstone belts occurring within gneissose granitic rocks in the northern part. Extensive development of K-rich granitic rocks of ca. 2.5 Ga is also characteristic in both areas. Such a broad age zonation of younger Dharwar (ca 2.6–3.0 Ga) in the north and the older Sargur (ca 3.0–3.4 Ga) in the south as in South India remains to be identified in future studies from Madagascar. The occurrence of greenschist facies rocks in the northeastern part and higher grade rocks in most of other parts in the north-central terrain of Madagascar is comparable with the general tendency of increasing metamorphic grade from northwestern to southern areas ranging from greenschist to granulite facies in South India. The Proterozoic crystalline rocks in both continents show pronounced lithological similarity with the wide occurrence of graphite-bearing khondalite in association with charnockitic rocks. While the Archaean-Proterozoic boundary is well defined in southern India by the Palghat-Cauvery or the KKPT shear zones as recently identified, this boundary is ill-defined in Madagascar due to extensive Pan-African overprinting, as well as the development of the Proterozoic cover sequence, the Itremo Group. There is also a possible general correlation between the Mesoproterozoic cover sequences in Madagascar and India, such as between the Itremo Group of west-central Madagascar and the Kaladgi and Cuddapah sequences of South India. The Pan-African granulite facies metamorphism of ca. 0.5 Ga extensively developed in both India and Madagascar is generally comparable in intensity and extent. P-T conditions and P-T-t paths also appear comparable, with the general range of ca. 700–1000°C and 6–9 kb, and near-isothermal decompressional paths. A-type granite plutons and alkaline rocks including anorthosites and mafic plutonic rocks of ca. 500–800 Ma develop in both terrains, provide strong basis for the correlation of both terrains, and define a Pan-African igneous province within East Gondwanaland. Major shear zones in both continents are expected to play a critical role in the correlation, albeit are still poorly constrained. Detailed elucidation of the tectonic history of the shear zones, and the timing of various events along the shear zones would provide important constraints on the correlation of the two continental fragments.