电法勘探在济南西部地热勘查中的应用

利用电阻率测深法和可控源音频大地电磁测量(CSAMT)在济南西部地区进行地热资源勘查,通过地热地质调查,结合掌握的研究区内已有地热井的地层揭露情况,遵循由已知推未知的步骤,对比分析搜集的前期物探与该次物探反演结果,对物探剖面进行解译推断,查明了研究区内主要断裂构造产状及规模,比较准确地判断了热储埋藏深度,取得了较好的应用效果。     

强震震源破裂过程浅析

通过了解强震震源区域周边地带地震破裂过程及破裂长度,根据各地震台网记录的地震数据设定计算模型,对地表或深井中的破裂效应进行研究,得出微破裂或破裂链形成的动力过程,可对地震进行一定预测。     

呼和浩特—包头盆地震源应力场状态分析

为了分析呼和浩特—包头盆地现今应力场状态,基于内蒙古地震台网记录的地震波形资料,运用振幅比方法获取2000—2016年该盆地及周边M_L≥2.7地震的震源机制解,计算其一致性参数,并反演区域应力场。结果表明,震源机制解特征主要表现为走滑特征,一致性参数空间分布处于低值状态,力轴方位基本与该区的应力场背景特征相符,即主压应力方位为北东、张应力方位为北西。     

添加正则化项的黏声逆时偏移成像方法研究

在实际地球介质中传播的地震波会产生衰减和频散现象,因此其更接近于黏弹性介质,在地震处理中补偿这些黏性影响是十分必要的。基于波动方程的叠前深度偏移中进行吸收衰减补偿更准确,也更有物理意义,直接求解双程波动方程的逆时偏移(RTM)能够成像大倾角复杂构造,具有诸多优势。然而当考虑吸收衰减补偿时通常会产生不稳定现象,大部分研究都是在逆时偏移的波场延拓中进行波数域的低通滤波来解决这个问题。本文采用广义标准线性固体的黏声波动方程进行吸收衰减补偿的Q--RTM方法,通过添加正则化项的方式来稳定延拓过程。添加正则化项本质上是低通滤波,滤波窗口是指数形式,在时空域有明确的形式,可以阻止发生高频不稳定。与直接滤波相比,正则化参数可以是空变的,因此比较适合剧烈变化的区域,我们还发现震源归一化互相关成像条件更适合Q--RTM方法。      

南沙海域海底浅层第四系地震地层结构与地质意义

科技进步使得地震采集数据量及其精度实现质的飞跃,南沙海域的地震调查,采用国际先进水平的等离子震源,获得地震剖面精度优于3 m局部甚至可在1 m之内,为科学研究、工程、浅层资源、地质灾害预警等研究奠定基础.在南沙第四系识别出了七个地震反射界面,确定500 ms至海底沉积区间内地震层序与三期海平面升降并与冰期、间冰期对应,典型地震剖面展示第四纪至少有三套完整的具有三角洲顶积层、前积层、底积层的地震相证据,与全球的第四纪海平面的变化一致.精细的浅层地震结构表明：南沙的地质现象丰富,浅层断层非常发育,下切河谷、泥石流、滑坡等地质遗迹的形成的地震相清晰,是地质活动频繁的地区.     

一种基于天基的瞬变电磁高分辨探测小尺度太空碎片的方法

目前,太空碎片的天基探测方法一般是激光雷达法.由于激光雷达的辐射频率一般为可见光或红外波段,在分辨厘米量级的太空碎片时具有一定的优势.但激光雷达在探测时也面临一些客观问题：即（1）难以捕捉快速移动的太空碎片;（2）对目标体穿透能力低;（3）外层空间的强干扰环境对激光雷达的不良影响等.这些问题在一定程度上限制了激光雷达在太空碎片探测方面的应用.本文针对太空碎片体积小、预警距离远和强干扰环境等特点,提出使用高性能瞬变电磁辐射源对远距离、小尺度的太空碎片进行探测.通过三维矢量有限元方法,分析了利用高性能瞬变电磁辐射源的优点,对比不同瞬变电磁辐射源的幅频特性,从发射机理上证明高性能瞬变电磁辐射源在辐射能力与频率带宽方面都优于传统瞬变电磁辐射源.并通过调整脉冲宽度,得到最适合探测本文太空碎片模型的辐射脉冲.最后通过电场分布图和多测道图对太空碎片的明显电场分异结果,证实了高性能瞬变电磁辐射源在探测远距离、小尺度太空碎片方面的有效性.     

基于SWAT模型的南四湖流域非点源氮磷污染模拟

本文利用SWAT模型结合实测数据,对南四湖流域2001-2010年年均非点源氮磷污染进行模拟,分析了南四湖流域非点源氮磷负荷空间分布特征,计算各河流流域对南四湖湖区污染的贡献率,并对非点源氮磷污染严重的关键区进行识别.研究表明:(1)先模拟湖东和湖西的两个典型小流域的非点源氮磷污染,并将模型推及整个南四湖流域,该方法不仅提高了计算效率,且得到了较好的模拟结果.通过对比发现,湖东的模拟效果要好于湖西,一定程度上说明SWAT模型在起伏较大的地区能取得更高的精度.(2)南四湖流域非点源氮磷污染严重,几乎所有区域的氮负荷超标,40%以上的区域磷负荷超标严重.湖东非点源氮磷污染较湖西严重,其中洸府河流域是南四湖湖区非点源氮磷污染的主要贡献者.(3)通过对径流量、泥沙负荷、氮负荷、磷负荷的相关分析可以得出,南四湖流域非点源氮负荷以溶解态为主,随径流进入水体;非点源磷负荷以吸附态为主,随泥沙进入水体.     

Piping dynamics in mid‐altitude mountains under a temperate climate: Bieszczady Mountains,eastern Carpathians

Piping has been recognized as an important geomorphic, soil erosion and hydrologic process. It seems that it is far more widespread than it has often been supposed. However, our knowledge about piping dynamics and its quantification currently relies on a limited number of data for mainly loess‐derived areas and marl badlands. Therefore, this research aimed to recognize piping dynamics in mid‐altitude mountains under a temperate climate, where piping occurs in Cambisols, not previously considered as piping‐prone soils. It has been expressed by the estimation of erosion rates due to piping and elongation of pipes in the Bere?nica Wy?na catchment in the Bieszczady Mountains, eastern Carpathians (305 ha, 188 collapsed pipes). The research was based on the monitoring of selected piping systems (1971–1974, 2013–2016). Changes in soil loss vary significantly between different years (up to 27.36 t ha^?1 yr^?1), as well as between the mean short‐term erosion rate (up to 13.10 t ha^?1 yr^?1), and the long‐term (45 years) mean of 1.34 t ha^?1 yr^?1. The elongation of pipes also differs, from no changes to 36 m during one year. The mean total soil loss is 48.8 t ha^?1 in plots, whereas in the whole studied catchment it is 2.0 t ha^?1. Hence, piping is both spatially and temporally dependent. The magnitude of piping in the study area is at least three orders of magnitude higher than surface erosion rates (i.e. sheet and rill erosion) under similar land use (grasslands), and it is comparable to the magnitude of surface soil erosion on arable lands. It means that piping constitutes a significant environmental problem and, wherever it occurs, it is an important, or even the main, sediment source. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of a distributed hydrological model to facilitate watershed management

To facilitate precise and cost-effective watershed management, a simple yet spatially and temporally distributed hydrological model (DHM-WM) was developed. The DHM-WM is based on the Mishra-Singh version of the curve number method, with several modifications: The spatial distribution of soil moisture was considered in moisture updating; the travel time of surface runoff was calculated on a grid cell basis for routing; a simple tile flow module was included as an option. The DHM-WM was tested on a tile-drained agricultural watershed in Indiana, USA. The model with the tile flow module performed well in the study area, providing a balanced water budget and reasonable flow partitioning. The daily coefficient of determination and Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient were 0.58 and 0.56, for the calibration period, and 0.63 and 0.62 for the validation period. The DHM-WM also provides detailed information about the source areas of flow components, the travel time and pathways of surface runoff.

EDITOR A. Castellarin; ASSOCIATE EDITOR F.-J. Chang     

Influence of condensation and latent heat release upon barotropic and baroclinic instabilities of vortices in a rotating shallow water f-plane model

Analysis of the influence of condensation and related latent heat release upon developing barotropic and baroclinic instabilities of large-scale low Rossby-number shielded vortices on the f-plane is performed within the moist-convective rotating shallow water model, in its barotropic (one-layer) and baroclinic (two-layer) versions. Numerical simulations with a high-resolution well-balanced finite-volume code, using a relaxation parameterisation for condensation, are made. Evolution of the instability in four different environments, with humidity (i) behaving as passive scalar, (ii) subject to condensation beyond a saturation threshold, (iii) subject to condensation and evaporation, with three different parameterisations of the latter, are inter-compared. The simulations are initialised with unstable modes determined from the detailed linear stability analysis in the “dry” version of the model. In a configuration corresponding to low-level mid-latitude atmospheric vortices, it is shown that the known scenario of evolution of barotropically unstable vortices, consisting in formation of a pair of dipoles (dipolar breakdown) is substantially modified by condensation and related moist convection, especially in the presence of surface evaporation. No enhancement of the instability due to precipitation was detected in this case. Cyclone-anticyclone asymmetry with respect to sensitivity to the moist effects is evidenced. It is shown that inertia-gravity wave emission during the vortex evolution is enhanced by the moist effects. In the baroclinic configuration corresponding to idealised cut-off lows in the atmosphere, it is shown that the azimuthal structure of the leading unstable mode is sensitive to the details of stratification. Scenarios of evolution are completely different for different azimuthal structures, one leading to dipolar breaking, and another to tripole formation. The effects of moisture considerably enhance the perturbations in the lower layer, especially in the tripole formation scenario.