A 38-Year Climatology of Explosive Cyclones over the Northern Hemisphere

Explosive cyclones(ECs)over two basins in the Northern Hemisphere(20°-90°N)from January 1979 to December2016 are investigated using ERA-Interim and Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature(OISST)data.The classical definition of an EC is modified considering not only the rapid drop of the central sea level pressure of the cyclone,but also the strong wind speed at the height of 10 m in which maximum wind speeds greater than 17.2 m s^-1are included.According to the locations of the northern Atlantic and northern Pacific,the whole Northern Hemisphere is divided into the"A region"(20°-90°N,90°W-90°E)and"P region"(20°-90°N,90°E-90°W).Over both the A and P regions,the climatological features of ECs,such as their spatial distribution,intensity,seasonal variation,interannual variation,and moving tracks,are documented.     

Establishment of an Objective Standard for the Definition of Binary Tropical Cyclones in the Western North Pacific

To develop an objective standard for defining binary tropical cyclones (BTCs) in the western North Pacific (WNP), two best-track datasets, from the China Meteorological Administration and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, were adopted for statistical analyses on two important characteristics of BTCs—two TCs approaching each other, and counterclockwise spinning. Based on the high consistency between the two datasets, we established an objective standard, which includes a main standard for defining BTCs and a secondary standard for identifying typical/atypical BTCs. The main standard includes two requirements: two coexisting TCs are a pair of BTCs if (i) the separation distance is ≤ 1800 km, and (ii) this separation maintains for at least 12 h. Meanwhile, the secondary standard defines a typical BTC as one for which there is at least one observation when the two TCs approach each other and spin counterclockwise simultaneously. Under the standard, the ratio of typical BTCs increases as the BTC duration increases or the minimum distance between the two TCs decreases. Then, using the JTWC dataset, it was found that there are 505 pairs of BTCs during the period 1951?2014, including 328 typical BTCs and 177 atypical BTCs, accounting for 65.0% and 35.0% of the total, respectively. In addition, a study of two extreme phenomena—the maximum approaching speed and the maximum counterclockwise angular velocity in typical BTCs—shows that the configuration of the circulation conditions and the distribution of the BTCs favor the formation of these extreme phenomena.     

Uncertainty in Tropical Cyclone Intensity Predictions due to Uncertainty in Initial Conditions

Focusing on the role of initial condition uncertainty,we use WRF initial perturbation ensemble forecasts to investigate the uncertainty in intensity forecasts of Tropical Cyclone(TC)Rammasun(1409),which is the strongest TC to have made landfall in China during the past 50 years.Forecast results indicate that initial condition uncertainty leads to TC forecast uncertainty,particularly for TC intensity.This uncertainty increases with forecast time,with a more rapid and significant increase after 24 h.The predicted TC develops slowly before 24 h,and at this stage the TC in the member forecasting the strongest final TC is not the strongest among all members.However,after 24 h,the TC in this member strengthens much more than that the TC in other members.The variations in convective instability,precipitation,surface upward heat flux,and surface upward water vapor flux show similar characteristics to the variation in TC intensity,and there is a strong correlation between TC intensity and both the surface upward heat flux and the surface upward water vapor flux.The initial condition differences that result in the maximum intensity difference are smaller than the errors in the analysis system.Differences in initial humidity,and to a lesser extent initial temperature differences,at the surface and at lower heights are the key factors leading to differences in the forecasted TC intensity.These differences in initial humidity and temperature relate to both the overall values and distribution of these parameters.     

Diurnal Sea surface temperature response to tropical cyclone Dahlia in the Eastern tropical Indian Ocean in 2017 revealed by the Bailong buoy

Tropical Cyclone (TC) Dahlia occurred adjacent to over the equatorial southeastern Indian Ocean during the period 26 November – 3 December 2017 and was observed by the Bailong buoy, which provides in situ observations of high-frequency variations in the upper ocean environment. The diurnal sea surface temperature (dSST) variabilities during different stages of the passage of TC Dahlia are studied. The dSST variability is rather weak during the TC passing stage in contrast to the strong ranges before (0.35 °C) and after (0.57 °C) the TC. Before the influence of TC Dahlia, the dSST presented significant regular variability with a peak in the afternoon and minimum value in the morning, which is similar to the even larger range that occurred after TC Dahlia. During the passage of TC Dahlia, dSST decreased dramatically, and a uniform variation was presented due to the absence of strong heat fluxes and stirring and upwelling induced by strong winds. Further analysis through a one-dimensional mixed layer model (Price-Weller-Pinkel, PWP) indicated that the dominant elements responsible for the different dSST variations during distinct stages of TC Dahlia were shortwave radiation and surface wind, which strongly impacted the dSST evolution during TC Dahlia. The asymmetrical wind strength was responsible for the asymmetry of dSST variation.     

黑龙江省区域暴雪天气气旋特征分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料和风云2E卫星资料对2006年3月-2016年3月由温带气旋引发黑龙江省暴雪天气过程普查,共筛选出37次区域性暴雪天气过程,再运用统计和诊断分析得出以下结论:(1)近10 a黑龙江省区域性暴雪主要集中在东部山区东南部;区域暴雪主要出现在季节过渡期;黑龙江省区域性暴雪年际变化大;(2)蒙古气旋作为冬季黑龙江省降雪的主要影响系统,其出现的频率和时间跨度远超过其它影响系统,黑龙江省西北部只有在蒙古气旋影响下才可能产生暴雪天气。(3)单独北上温带气旋通常发生在季节转换期间,造成区域暴雪主要集中在黑龙江省东部;(4)北上温带气旋与蒙古气旋合并而形成的合并气旋都发生11-12月和3-4月季节转换期间,造成区域暴雪主要集中在黑龙江省东部。     

台风“玲玲”对黑龙江暴雨影响分析

选取2019年9月7-8日NCEP/NCAR(1°×1°)再分析资料,分析了降水实况、卫星云图、环流形势、物理量场。结果表明:此次暴雨过程主要受台风登陆后减弱的热带风暴影响,副热带高压的维持为水汽的输送与台风的北进起到了促进作用,台风外围水汽成为此次降水的主要水汽来源,高低空急流耦合加强了动力条件,暴雨落区与高空急流的右侧、低空急流的左侧、垂直运动强上升区及水汽通量散度辐合区有较高的吻合度。     

2019年冬季海洋天气评述

2019年冬季（2019年12月—2020年2月）大气环流特征为：北半球的极涡呈偶极型分布,中高纬呈3波型分布,西风带槽脊较常年明显偏弱。位势高度距平场显示,东亚中纬度地区处于正距平区,东亚大槽强度弱,冷空气强度较常年同期偏弱,大风过程显著偏少,我国近海共出现7次明显的8级以上大风过程,冷空气和温带气旋共同影响的大风过程有2次,冷空气与热带气旋共同影响的大风过程有2次。浪高在2 m 以上的海浪过程有10次。近海出现大范围的海雾过程12次,海雾区域主要出现在渤海、渤海海峡、黄海北部和中部海域、琼州海峡及北部湾,出雾时段多集中于夜间至早晨。海面温度随时间逐渐降低,其从北到南的温度差在冬季由22 ℃加大到27 ℃。西北太平洋和南海共有1个台风生成。     

CWRF边界层参数化对东亚近海热带气旋模拟的影响评估

基于CWRF模式结果,探讨了6种边界层参数化方案对30 a东亚近海热带气旋的强度、频数及路径模拟的可能影响。结果发现：CWRF模式中各边界层参数化方案模拟的热带气旋频数普遍较观测偏少,模拟强度相比观测也均偏弱。热带气旋的强度、频数及出现频次的空间分布对模式边界层方案的选取较为敏感。CAM3方案模拟强热带气旋的能力较其他方案偏好,ACM方案在多数年份模拟的热带气旋个数偏多,且在不同月份模拟的热带气旋生成频率与观测最接近,CAM3方案模拟的热带气旋出现频次与观测的偏差在大部分地区偏小。综合来看,CWRF模式中边界层参数化选用CAM3方案模拟热带气旋活动的性能较好。     

The Uncertainty of Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Structure Based on Different Parameterization Schemes of Planetary Boundary Layer

Based on different parameterization schemes of planetary boundary layer (PBL), the uncertainty of intensity and structure of the Super-strong Typhoon Rammasun (1409) is investigated using the WRF model (v3.4) with six PBL parameterization schemes. Results indicate that PBL uncertainty leads to the uncertainty in tropical cyclone (TC) prediction, which increases with forecast time. The uncertainty in TC prediction is mainly reflected in the uncertainty in TC intensity, with significant differences in the TC intensity forecasts using various PBL schemes. The uncertainty in TC prediction is also reflected in the uncertainty in TC structures. Greater intensity is accompanied by smaller vortex width, tighter vortex structure, stronger wind in the near-surface layer and middle and lower troposphere, stronger inflow (outflow) wind at the lower (upper) levels, stronger vertical upward wind, smaller thickness of the eye wall, smaller outward extension of the eye wall, and warmer warm core at the upper levels of eye. PBL height, surface upward heat flux and water vapor flux are important factors that cause the uncertainty in TC intensity and structure. The more surface upward heat flux and water vapor flux and the lower PBL height, the faster TC development and the stronger TC intensity.     

OPERATIONAL FORECAST OF RAINFALL INDUCED BY LANDFALLING TROPICAL CYCLONES ALONG GUANGDONG COAST

Following previous studies of the rainfall forecast in Shenzhen owing to landfalling tropical cyclones(TCs), a nonparametric statistical scheme based on the classification of the landfalling TCs is applied to analyze and forecast the rainfall induced by landfalling TCs in the coastal area of Guangdong province, China. All the TCs landfalling with the distance less than 700 kilometers to the 8 coastal stations in Guangdong province during 1950—2013 are categorized according to their landfalling position and intensity. The daily rainfall records of all the 8 meteorological stations are obtained and analyzed. The maximum daily rainfall and the maximum 3 days' accumulated rainfall at the 8 coastal stations induced by each category of TCs during the TC landfall period(a couple of days before and after TC landfalling time) from 1950 to 2013 are computed by the percentile estimation and illustrated by boxplots. These boxplots can be used to estimate the rainfall induced by landfalling TC of the same category in the future. The statistical boxplot scheme is further coupled with the model outputs from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) to predict the rainfall induced by landfalling TCs along the coastal area. The TCs landfalling in south China from 2014 to 2017 and the corresponding rainfall at the 8 stations area are used to evaluate the performance of these boxplots and coupled boxplots schemes. Results show that the statistical boxplots scheme and coupled boxplots scheme can perform better than ECMWF model in the operational rainfall forecast along the coastal area in south China.