Interaction between lateral sorting in river bends and vertical sorting in dunes

Sediment is sorted in river bends under the influence of gravity that pulls the heavier grains downslope and secondary flow that drags the finer grains upslope. Furthermore, when dunes are present, sediment is also sorted vertically at the dune lee side. However, sorting functions are poorly defined, since the relation to transverse bed slope and the interaction between lateral and vertical sorting is not yet understood for lack of data under controlled conditions. The objective of this study is to describe lateral sorting as a function of transverse bed slope and to gain an understanding of the interaction between lateral and vertical sorting in river bends. To this end, experiments were conducted with a poorly sorted sediment mixture in a rotating annular flume in which secondary flow intensity can be controlled separately from the main flow velocity, and therefore transverse bed slope towards the inner bend and dune dimensions can be systematically varied. Sediment samples were taken along cross-sections at the surface of dune troughs and dune crests, and over the entire depth at the location of dune crests (bulk samples), which enabled comparison of the relative contribution of vertical sorting by dunes to lateral sorting by the transverse bed slope. The data show that lateral sorting is always the dominant sorting mechanism in bends, and bulk samples showed minor effects of vertical sorting by dunes as long as all grain-size fractions are mobile. An empirical bend sorting model was fitted that redistributes the available sediment fractions over the cross-section as a function of transverse bed slope. Comparison with field data showed that the model accurately reproduces spatially-averaged trends in sorting at the bend apex in single-thread channels. The bend sorting model therefore provides a better definition of bend sorting with conservation of mass by size fraction and adds to current understanding of bend sorting. The implication for numerical modelling is that bend sorting mechanisms can be modelled independently of dunes, allowing the application of the active layer concept.     

水平低周往复位移下单桩-土相互作用试验研究

整体式桥台无伸缩缝桥梁（以下简称整体桥）桩基应设计为柔性桩,以保证较好的抗水平变形能力。但是,我国相关规范中判别柔性桩的算法主要应用于单向水平受荷桩,可否沿用至整体桥桩基还有待验证。为此,根据一种特殊设计的桩身变形测量方法,对3根埋深不同的混凝土模型桩进行了低周水平往复位移下的拟静力试验,研究单桩-土体系的抗震性能和相互作用机制。研究表明,水平往复位移下混凝土桩在埋深为3D～6D（D为桩径）范围内开裂;桩的埋深越大,桩身挠曲程度越大、变形特征点位置也越深、桩-土体系的抗弯刚度也越大、水平极限承载力也越高、抗震性能也越强。研究还表明,桩-土体系进入弹塑性阶段后,柔性桩的水平工作性状将逐渐向刚性桩退化。另外,在判别整体桥桩基的水平工作性状时,我国相关规范中的规定偏不安全。实际工程中,建议以Broms方法进行参考计算。     

Approximate traveltime inversion in downhole microseismic monitoring

In downhole microseismic monitoring, accurate event location relies on the accuracy of the velocity model. The model can be estimated along with event locations. Anisotropic models are important to get accurate event locations. Taking anisotropy into account makes it possible to use additional data – two S-wave arrivals generated due to shear-wave splitting. However, anisotropic ray tracing requires iterative procedures for computing group velocities, which may become unstable around caustics. As a result, anisotropic kinematic inversion may become time consuming. In this paper, we explore the idea of using simplified ray tracing to locate events and estimate medium parameters. In the simplified ray-tracing algorithm, the group velocity is assumed to be equal to phase velocity in both magnitude and direction. This assumption makes the ray-tracing algorithm five times faster compared to ray tracing based on exact equations. We present a set of tests showing that given perforation-shot data, one can use inversion based on simplified ray-tracing even for moderate-to-strong anisotropic models. When there are no perforation shots, event-location errors may become too large for moderately anisotropic media.     

基于反应位移法的复杂软土盾构隧道横断面抗震分析

采用反应位移法,利用ABAQUS软件建立梁-弹簧有限元模型,进行复杂软土场地中盾构隧道横断面抗震分析,并结合天津滨海Z2线软土盾构隧道进行计算。研究表明,在地震作用下,最大弯矩值和剪力值一般出现在拱肩位置,最大轴力值一般出现在拱腰附近;处于复杂地层附近的隧道结构内力值较大,应加强该位置处的抗震构造措施或在选线时尽量避免复杂场地。本文对复杂软土场地中盾构隧道横断面抗震设计具有一定参考价值。     

可替换式桥梁横向防落梁限位装置抗震性能研究

针对目前桥梁结构横向防落梁限位装置损毁后修复困难的问题,提出一种新型的带可更换耗能段的桥梁横向防落梁限位装置。分别以可更换耗能段的腹板厚度、腹板高度及安装位置等为参数,采用有限元软件ABAQUS建立了10个不同参数的装置模型并对其开展拟静力仿真试验,探讨其工作机理,验证其可更换的设计思想并剖析其破坏机理,研究各参数对装置滞回曲线、承载力、延性和耗能能力的影响规律。结果表明:该装置可通过先可更换耗能段破坏再竖板破坏达到多道设防和分级耗能的目的,且整个加载过程中装置的滞回曲线饱满、稳定、无明显捏拢,表现出良好的耗能能力;随着可更换耗能段腹板厚度的增加,装置屈服承载力、极限承载力、屈服位移、极限位移以及延性系数逐渐增大,耗能能力逐渐增强;可更换耗能段高度对装置屈服承载力影响不显著;随着可更换耗能段高度的增加,装置极限承载力逐渐增大,装置屈服位移先增大后减小,装置极限位移整体呈下降趋势,装置的延性系数和耗能能力逐渐减小;可更换耗能段的安装高度对装置屈服承载力和耗能能力的影响无统一规律,但与装置的屈服位移、极限位移及延性系数成负相关。基于本析结果,建议装置在满足承载力要求的前提下,应尽量选取可更换耗能段腹板厚度较厚、高度较小和安装位置较低的参数进行设计。     

Assessment of geomorphological bank evolution of the alluvial threshold rivers based on entropy concept parameters

The complex stream bank profiles in alluvial channels and rivers that are formed after reaching equilibrium has been a popular topic of research for many geomorphologists and river engineers. The entropy theory has recently been successfully applied to this problem. However, the existing methods restrict the further application of the entropy parameter to determine the cross-section slope of the river banks. To solve this limitation, we introduce a novel approach in the extraction of the equation based on the calculation of the entropy parameter (λ) and the transverse slope of the bank profile at threshold channel conditions. The effects of different hydraulic and geometric parameters are evaluated on a variation of the entropy parameter. Sensitivity analysis on the parameters affecting the entropy parameter shows that the most effective parameter on the λ-slope multiplier is the maximum slope of the bank profile and the dimensionless lateral distance of the river banks.     

我国南方西南和中东部区域两次持续性低温雨雪过程与关键环流系统的关系研究

利用NCEP再分析资料和国家气象信息中心提供的753站逐日气温和降水资料,对比分析了我国南方西南和中东部区域两次持续10 d以上的低温雨雪过程,结果表明:(1)两次过程中欧亚大陆中高纬东亚大槽均加深,但环流形势有差异。西南过程呈现"北高南低"形势,关键脊区在贝加尔湖,而中东部区域过程"北高南低"和"西高东低"形势共存,关键脊区从乌拉尔山延伸至贝加尔湖。两次过程异常的环流与北大西洋向东传播的波列有关。(2)西南过程关键脊区提前过程3 d发展并东移至贝加尔湖,形成稳定形势;而中东部区域过程关键脊区提前过程一周发展,在开始日达最强。两次过程均伴随蒙古高压东移南压使地面降温,500 hPa关键脊区超前蒙古高压2 d变化。西南过程降温主要受到冷平流和绝热冷却影响,而中东部区域过程主要受到冷平流的影响。(3)西南过程水汽来自孟加拉湾,只受南支槽支配。中东部区域过程水汽来自孟加拉湾、南海和西太平洋,由南支槽和西太平副热带高压的共同影响。两次过程水汽正收支主要来自南边界。     

一次引发南亚大暴雨的季风低压结构、涡度与水汽收支分析

对2003年夏季风期间,7月24～28日印度季风槽内季风低压发展西移与阿拉伯海中尺度低压合并引发南亚的一次大暴雨过程进行了诊断分析,探讨了印度季风槽、季风低压的三维结构以及低压区域的涡度、水汽收支.揭示和确认了一些事实:1)印度季风槽区对流层中下层存在明显的风场切变,槽区高温高湿,为单一性质的热带气团,低层为对流不稳定,槽区对应正涡度区;2)季风低压是一较深厚系统.动力结构为低层正涡度,高层负涡度,低层辐合,高层辐散.其西移速度约500 km·d.季风低压北侧整层为深厚的东风,南侧在对流层中低层为西风,在高层为东风.热力结构在低层(700～800 hPa)间存在弱冷区,而中高层几乎为暖心结构.低压对应高湿区,低压中心西侧整层为相对湿度大值区;3)季风低压的发展过程中,低层的辐合场制造正涡度,促进低压的发展;4)低压区水汽强烈辐合,西边界输入量最大.在此研究工作的基础上,作者还比较了夏季风期间南亚印度季风槽和东亚梅雨锋系统的异同.     

准噶尔盆地西北缘超剥带轻质油的发现及意义

含油气盆地超剥带的勘探以重质油-油砂为主。在准噶尔盆地西北缘超剥带的中生代油砂中发现了轻质油,报道了其基本特征与成藏模式,并探讨了勘探意义。结果表明,轻质油呈黄绿色荧光,与呈黄褐色荧光的重质油共生。油砂连续抽提发现,重质油充注在前(颗粒吸附烃/包裹体烃),轻质油充注在后(孔隙游离烃),油源均来自研究区玛湖凹陷下二叠统风城组,典型生标特征为Pr/Ph值小于1,伽马腊烷/C_(30)藿烷为0.43~0.82,C_(20)、C_(21)、C_(23)三环萜烷呈上升型分布。油砂无机地球化学研究发现,2期原油充注明显,形成了2期方解石胶结物,早期MnO和FeO含量在1%~1.5%之间,晚期大于1.5%。白垩纪前,风城组生源成熟油在充注过程中遭受降解,形成重质油-油砂;白垩纪至今,风城组生源高熟轻质油沿横断裂直接运移至超剥带,在断裂"纵横交叉"之处最富集。据此认为,研究区横断裂沿线是这类轻质原油勘探值得考虑的领域。超剥带的勘探可能不仅局限于传统认为的重质油-油砂,若存在有利的成藏条件,亦有可能形成轻质油气的聚集。