Radiation patterns of point sources situated close to structural interfaces and to the earth's surface

The seismic wave field is considerably influenced by local structures close to the source and to the receiver. This applies to sources and receivers situated close to localized inhomogeneities, to structural interfaces, to the earth's surface, etc. In this paper we concentrate our attention mainly to the ray-theoretical radiation patterns of point sources situated close to the structural interfaces and to the earth's surface. In numerical modeling of high-frequency seismic wave fields by the ray method, the interaction of the source with the earth's surface has not usually been taken into account.The proposed procedure of the computation of the radiation patterns of point sources situated directly on structural interfaces and on the earth's surface is based on the zero-order approximation of the ray method, assuming that the length of the ray between the source and the receiver is long. The derived equations are extended to point sources located close to structural interface, to the earth's surface and to thin transition layers using the hybrid ray-reflectivity method, seeervený (1989). The thin layer need not be homogeneous; it may include an arbitrary inner layering (transition layers, laminas, etc.) The only requirement is for the layer to be thin. Roughly speaking, we require its thickness to be less than one quarter of the prevailing wavelength. The hybrid ray-reflectivity method describes well even certain non-ray effects (tunneling.S ^* waves, etc.). Explicit analytical expressions for radiation patterns for all above listed point sources are found. These expression have a local character and may be easily implemented into computer codes designed for the routine computation of ray amplitudes and synthetic ray seismograms in 2-D and 3-D, laterally varying isotropic layered and block structures by the ray method.Numerical examples of radiation patterns ofP andS waves of point sources situated close to the earth's surface and to a thin low-velocity surface layer are presented and discussed. The explosive point source (center of dilatation) and the vertical and horizontal single force point sources are considered. It has been ascertained that the radiation patterns of point sources depend drastically on the depth of the source below the surface even if the depths vary within one quarter of the prevailing wavelength.     

Two-dimensional numerical approach for the vibration isolation analysis of thin walled wave barriers in poroelastic soils

This paper is concerned with the vibration isolation efficiency analysis of total or partially buried thin walled wave barriers in poroelastic soils. A two-dimensional time harmonic model that treats soils and structures in a direct way by combining appropriately the conventional Boundary Element Method (BEM), the Dual BEM (DBEM) and the Finite Element Method (FEM) is developed to this aim. The wave barriers are impinged by Rayleigh waves obtained from Biot’s poroelasticity equations assuming a permeable free-surface. The suitability of the proposed model is justified by comparison with available previous results. The vibration isolation efficiency of three kinds of wave barriers (open trench, simple wall, open trench-wall) in poroelastic soils is studied by varying their geometry, the soil properties and the frequency. It is found that the efficiency of these wave barriers behaves similarly to these in elastic soils, except for high porosities and small dissipation coefficients. The efficiency of open trench-wall barriers can be evaluated neglecting their walls if they are typical sheet piles. This does not happen with walls of bigger cross-sections, leading in general to efficiency losses. Likewise, increasing the burial depth to trench depth ratio has a negative impact on the efficiency.     

内孤立波数值造波方法及其与理论和实验结果的比较

为评估不同内孤立波数值造波方法,本文基于Kd V、m Kd V和e Kd V三种理论模型,分别采用双推板、平板拍击和速度入射边界三种数值造波方法,对内孤立波进行了模拟,并将数值模拟结果与理论及实验结果进行对比和分析。结果表明:三种数值造波方法均能实现对内孤立波的模拟,但在造波效果及效率方面存在差异。速度入射边界法在造波效果及效率方面都比较好;平板拍击法的造波效果较好,效率略差;双推板法在造波效果及效率方面均略劣于以上两种方法。     

Nonlinear crest distribution for shallow water Stokes waves

This article concerns the calculation of nonlinear crest distribution for shallow water Stokes waves. The calculations have been carried out by incorporating a second order nonlinear wave model into an asymptotic analysis method. This is a new approach to the calculation of wave crest distribution, and, as all of the calculations are performed in the probability domain, avoids the need for long time-domain simulations. The accuracy and efficiency of this new approach for calculating the wave crest distribution are validated by comparing the results predicted using it with those predicted by using the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method, by using a previous Transformed Rayleigh method, by using some existing wave crest distribution formulas, and by using the measured surface elevation data at the Poseidon platform in the Japan Sea.     

Prediction of extreme wave heights using neuro wavelet technique

Precise prediction of extreme wave heights is still an evading problem whether it is done using physics based modeling or by extensively used data driven technique of Artificial Neural Network (ANN). In the present paper, Neuro Wavelet Technique (NWT) is used specifically to explore the possibility of prediction of extreme events for five major hurricanes Katrina 2005, Dean 2007, Gustav 2008, Ike 2008, Irene 2011 at four locations (NDBC wave buoys stations)¹ namely; 42040, 42039, 41004, 41041 in the Gulf of Mexico. Neuro Wavelet Technique is employed by combining Discrete Wavelet Transform and Artificial Neural Networks. Discrete wavelet transform analyzes frequency of signal with respect to time at different scales. It decomposes time series into low (approximate) and high (detail) frequency components. The decomposition of approximate components (extreme events in the ocean wave series) can be carried out up to the desired multiple levels in order to provide relatively smooth varying amplitude series. This feature of wavelet transforms make it plausible for predicting extreme events with a better accuracy. In the present study third, fifth and seventh level of decompositions are used which facilitates 3 to 7 times filtering of low frequency events and seems to pay the dividend in the form of better prediction accuracy at extreme events. To develop these Neuro wavelet models to forecast the waves with lead times of 12 hr to 36 hr in advance, previously measured significant wave heights at same locations were used. The results were judged by wave plots, scatter plots and other error measures. From the results it can be concluded that the Neuro Wavelet Technique can be employed to solve the ever eluding problem of accurate forecasting of the extreme events.     

Construction of synthetic ocean wave series along the Colombian Caribbean Coast: A wave climate analysis

In this paper a methodology is applied to generate synthetic wave series during mean and extreme conditions. An analysis is carried out that describes mean and extreme wave behavior for several climatic conditions along the Colombian Caribbean Coast. During mean conditions, the most energetic ocean waves are observed during the DJF season for both ENSO phases (El Niño and La Niña) for most of the Caribbean Sea. During the Niño years, there is a reduction in the speed of the north-east trade winds and their associated waves, but only in the DJF and MAM seasons. However, during the JJA season, this situation is reversed with the highest values occurring during El Niño and low values appearing during La Niña. Toward the east around the Guajira region, this general pattern is shown to change significantly. For extreme conditions, the results show a significant influence of extreme events toward the northwest, around La Guajira and the insular zones of San Andres and Providence when compared with other regions along the coast. All of these results (including the synthetic wave series) provide a design and management tool for the successful implementation of any coastal project (scientific or consulting) in Colombia.     

沙脊沙波泥沙数学模型的研究

在剪切水流条件下,基于水沙两相流动量方程,推导出描述海底沙脊沙波内在演变规律的基本方程。将此方程与二维浅水环流方程、波浪折射-绕射方程进行耦合,建立大范围海区平面二维波、流、泥沙数学模型,并结合海区实际观测水文地质、潮汐、波浪、泥沙资料进行模型验证。通过对比分析发现,数值模拟值与实测站位观测值二者吻合较好,表明了模型的可靠性。应用此模型对东方1-1气田穿越的大范围海底沙脊沙波在相应海动力条件下的移动规律及演变趋势进行定量预测,结果显示,随着时间的推移,沙脊沙波移动距离逐年递增,但发展变化趋势基本稳定。     

风浪和海洋飞沫对海表面拖曳系数和风廓线的影响

基于埃克曼理论,本文将波致应力和飞沫应力引入到海-气边界层的界面应力中,来研究海表面风浪和海洋飞沫对海-气边界层动量交换的影响,并得到修改后的埃克曼模型的理论解。波致应力是由风浪谱和波增长函数估计,并得到在中低风速下,波致应力、飞沫应力与湍流应力相比,对海表面拖曳系数和风廓线的影响非常小。当风速高于25米/秒时,海洋飞沫通过飞沫应力对海-气界面应力的作用远高于波致应力,以至于波致应力可以忽略。海表面拖曳系数在高风速下,随着风速的增大而减小。通过采用风浪谱的不同波龄,得到海洋飞沫的产生会导致海-气边界层风速的增加。最后,理论解与现场的观察数据进行了对比。对比后的数据表明,在中高风速下,飞沫对海-气边界层的影响远大于表面风浪。     

Impact of cyclone Nilam on tropical lower atmospheric dynamics

A deep depression formed over the Bay of Bengal on 28 October 2012, and developed into a cyclonic storm. After landfall near the south coast of Chennai, cyclone Nilam moved north-northwestwards. Coordinated experiments were conducted from the Indian stations of Gadanki(13.5?N, 79.2?E) and Hyderabad(17.4?N, 78.5?E) to study the modification of gravity-wave activity and turbulence by cyclone Nilam, using GPS radiosonde and mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere radar data. The horizontal velocities underwent large changes during the closest approach of the storm to the experimental sites. Hodograph analysis revealed that inertia gravity waves(IGWs) associated with the cyclone changed their directions from northeast(control time) to northwest following the path of the cyclone. The momentum flux of IGWs and short-period gravity waves(1–8 h) enhanced prior to, and during, the passage of the storm(±0.05 m2s-2and ±0.3 m2s-2, respectively), compared to the flux after its passage. The corresponding body forces underwent similar changes, with values ranging between ±2–4m s-1d-1and ±12–15 m s-1d-1. The turbulence refractivity structure constant(C2n) showed large values below 10 km before the passage of the cyclone when humidity in the region was very high. Turbulence and humidity reduced during the passage of the storm when a turbulent layer at ～17 km became more intense. Turbulence in the lower troposphere and near the tropopause became weak after the passage of the cyclone.     

Diagnosis of the forcing of inertial-gravity waves in a severe convection system

The non-hydrostatic wave equation set in Cartesian coordinates is rearranged to gain insight into wave generation in a mesoscale severe convection system. The wave equation is characterized by a wave operator on the lhs, and forcing involving three terms—linear and nonlinear terms, and diabatic heating—on the rhs. The equation was applied to a case of severe convection that occurred in East China. The calculation with simulation data showed that the diabatic forcing and linear and nonlinear forcing presented large magnitude at different altitudes in the severe convection region. Further analysis revealed the diabatic forcing due to condensational latent heating had an important influence on the generation of gravity waves in the middle and lower levels. The linear forcing resulting from the Laplacian of potential-temperature linear forcing was dominant in the middle and upper levels. The nonlinear forcing was determined by the Laplacian of potential-temperature nonlinear forcing. Therefore, the forcing of gravity waves was closely associated with the thermodynamic processes in the severe convection case. The reason may be that, besides the vertical component of pressure gradient force, the vertical oscillation of atmospheric particles was dominated by the buoyancy for inertial gravity waves. The latent heating and potential-temperature linear and nonlinear forcing played an important role in the buoyancy tendency. Consequently, these thermodynamic elements influenced the evolution of inertial-gravity waves.