酒西盆地青南凹陷柳沟庄-窟窿山地区下白垩统震积岩的发现及意义

在甘肃省酒西盆地青南凹陷柳沟庄-窟窿山地区下白垩统下沟组及中沟组地层序列中,首次发现发育一套地震事件沉积物,是一套含微裂缝或同生变形构造及振动液化泄水构造等震积特征的泥质白云岩、白云质泥岩及泥质粉砂岩的组合.本区震积作用及震积岩的主要识别标志为振动液化卷曲变形及其伴生构造、重荷模及伴生构造、脆性和塑性两类沉积物相间的滑塌变形作用及滑塌岩、软沉积物的液化作用及泄水构造、层内阶梯状断层及地裂缝.柳沟庄-窟窿山地区下白垩统震积岩的发现,填补了本区震积岩研究的空白,反映了本区在早白垩世存在一个强烈的构造活动时期,可以推测其影响范围可能还会波及青南凹陷的其他地区,也有望在酒西盆地类似环境的其他凹陷发现震积岩,开辟震积岩研究的新领域.区域构造背景的研究同样表明,青南凹陷青西Ⅰ号同生断裂带及509断阶带的强烈构造活动正是本区早白垩世震积作用的直接诱发因素,为本区震积岩的存在提供了科学依据.     

冀北地区金矿床He、Ar、Pb同位素组成及其成矿物质来源

成矿物质来源一直是成矿理论研究和找矿实践的焦点问题。选择了冀北地区3个幔枝构造金矿集中区11个金矿床黄铁矿及部分围岩进行了He、Ar同位素测定。研究表明,冀北地区主要金矿的3He/4He的值域为(0.93～7.30)×10-6,平均3.55×10-6;R/Ra=0.66～4.93,平均2.53;40Ar/36Ar=426～2073,40Ar平均为8.20×10-7cm3/g,4He/40Ar平均为2.17。矿区外围片麻岩和花岗岩的3He/4He值仅为(0.001～0.55)×10-6,反映来源上有明显差别。3He和4He在He同位素浓度图上落于地幔区附近。64个Pb同位素数据表现为矿质以幔源为主,确有部分壳源物质加入。研究认为,本区成矿物质应源于地球深部,随地幔柱多级演化,深部成矿流体由地球深部迁移到浅部,期间不可避免地存在壳幔流体的混合作用,故其值域往往界于地幔和地壳之间。     

高温高压下含水矿物脱水对斜长岩纵波速度的影响

在1GPa、室温至880℃条件下对斜长岩的纵波速度进行了测量，并对实验产物进行了鉴定分析，讨论了含水矿物脱水对岩石纵波速度的影响。实验结果表明，在680℃左右，由于斜长岩中的含水矿物绢云母和黝帘石开始脱水，矿物脱水产生的流体及其所引起岩石结构的变化可使岩石纵波速度降低10％左右。这意味着通过矿物脱水这一机制可以形成壳内低速层。     

渤海—鲁西地区白垩-早第三纪裂谷活动——火山岩的地球化学证据

渤海—鲁西地区的白垩早第三纪火山岩在渤海东部主要沿郯庐断裂带呈北北东向分布,在渤海西部和鲁西地区主要沿北西向断裂带分布。白垩纪火山岩以安山岩类为主,早第三纪以玄武岩类为主,玄武岩浆源于富集型地幔,即富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素,但明显亏损Yb、Ni和Cr等元素。火山岩的Sr和Nd同位素初始比值结果表明白垩纪的火山岩来源于Ⅱ型富集地幔,而早第三纪火山岩来源于接近原始地幔的略富集型地幔。这可能由于早第三纪岩石圈大规模伸展减薄,致使上地幔深部的亏损型物质上涌参与岩浆活动,与富集型地幔混染的结果。     

盆地岩石圈结构与油气成藏及分布

本文综述了大陆岩石圈研究现状和克拉通盆地、裂谷盆地和前陆盆地的岩石圈结构特征,指出在古裂谷、褶皱带或区域性深断裂等陆壳构造薄弱带上发育起来的多期叠合盆地,具有很好的含油气前景。大型含油气盆地往往存在地幔上隆、地壳减薄和地壳内低速层,盆地基底沉降与盖层沉积厚度较大。适度的后期构造活动改造和岩浆活动有利于沉积盆地内油气生成与保存。     

柴达木盆地三湖地区第四系生物气的形成途径与运聚方式

柴达木盆地三湖(台吉乃尔湖、涩聂湖、达布逊湖)地区第四系生物气区是我国最大的生物气区。笔者系统采集了该气区21个天然气样品,测量了其组分和碳同位素组成,重点探讨了生物气形成途径和运聚方式。生物气δ~(13)C_1和δ~(13)C_(CO_2)均随深度增大而变重,显示了CO_2还原途径成气的特征。生物气δ~(13)C_1、δ~(13)C_(CO_2)和δD分布与CO_2还原方式形成的生物气的相应同位素值分布范围接近。在有关成因图解中这些数据主要位于CO_2还原途径成气范围内。生物气CO_2和CH_4之间的碳同位素分馏系数α_c>1.055,具有CO_2还原途径成气的特征。柴达木盆地第四纪干旱的古气候、较低的古温度、较高的沉积速率和水体中较高的硫酸盐含量使得甲烷菌的大量繁殖只能在较大的深度范围内才能实现,从而,有利于CO_2还原途径成气作用进行。涩北一号、涩北二号气田生物气δ~(13)C_1组成分布可能表明,生物气形成以后沿疏导层水平运移进入气藏,基本不存在垂向运移。该项研究对于进一步深入探讨生物气成因、形成条件,确定生物气模拟实验方式与条件,计算生物气资源量,建立成藏模式和选择天然气有利勘探区块均具有重要价值。     

试论火山岩储层的类型及其成因特征

本文在总结前人研究的基础上，结合胜利及辽河油田最新资料，提出了一种火山岩油气藏储层分类方案，共分为火山熔岩型、火山碎屑岩型和潜火山岩型3种类型。其中火山碎屑岩型又可分为正常火山碎屑岩型和火山碎屑沉积岩型两种亚类型；潜火山岩型分为隐爆角砾岩型和蚀变岩型两种亚类型。文中结合实例对各种类型储层的成因机制、空间展布特点以及储集性的变化特征进行了阐述和讨论。     

韧性剪切带的变形变质与同构造熔融作用——以中祁连地块宝库河韧性走滑剪切带为例

宝库河韧性剪切带是发育在中祁连地块北缘上的一条向北陡倾,走向近东西,宽约6 km的右行平移型韧性剪切带.剪切带内岩石原岩为泥质岩、基性岩和花岗岩,变质程度达角闪岩相,变形变质温度在685～763±46℃之间,压力在0.62～0.83±0.13 GPa范围内.其内长英质条带非常发育,规模变化较大,分布局部相对集中且受剪切带控制,走向与剪切带一致,平行于叶理,孤立无根,并在后期递进变形过程中发生不同程度的糜棱岩化、布丁化和褶皱,主要成分为长石和石英,明显不同于韧性剪切前或后侵入的花岗岩脉或岩体.长英质条带特征、REE配分模式及剪切带内岩石的变形变质温度说明剪切带内发育的长英质条带与基体是同源的,是在剪切应变过程中剪切热使围岩内部分物质发生动态熔融形成的,是同构造熔融作用的产物.     

The importance of plant root characteristics in controlling concentrated flow erosion rates

While it has been demonstrated in numerous studies that the aboveground characteristics of the vegetation are of particular importance with respect to soil erosion control, this study argues the importance of separating the influence of vegetation on soil erosion rates into two parts: the impact of leaves and stems (aboveground biomass) and the influence of roots (belowground biomass). Although both plant parameters form inseparable constituents of the total plant organism, most studies attribute the impact of vegetation on soil erosion rates mainly to the characteristics of the aboveground biomass. This triggers the question whether the belowground biomass is of no or negligible importance with respect to soil erosion by concentrated flow. This study tried to answer this question by comparing cross‐sectional areas of concentrated flow channels (rills and ephemeral gullies) in the Belgian Loess Belt for different cereal and grass plant densities. The results of these measurements highlighted the fact that both an increase in shoot density as well as an increase in root density resulted in an exponential decrease of concentrated flow erosion rates. Since protection of the soil surface in the early plant growth stages is crucial with respect to the reduction of water erosion rates, increasing the plant root density in the topsoil could be a viable erosion control strategy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mechanisms of riverbank failure along the Arno River,central Italy

Riverbanks along the Arno River have been investigated with the aims of de?ning the main mechanisms of failure and retreat, their spatial distribution, and their causes. Geomorphological aspects were investigated by a reconnaissance of riverbank processes, for a number (26) of representative sites. Laboratory and in situ tests were then performed on a selected number of riverbanks (15). Based on the material characteristics, six main typologies of riverbanks have been de?ned, with homogeneous ?ne‐grained and composite banks representing the most frequent types. Slab‐type failures are the most frequent mechanism observed on ?ne‐grained banks, while cantilever failures prevail on composite banks. The role of river stage and related pore water pressure distributions in triggering the main observed mechanisms of failure has been investigated using two different types of stability analysis. The ?rst was conducted for 15 riverbanks, using the limit equilibrium method and considering simpli?ed hypotheses for pore water pressure distribution (annulment of negative pore pressures in the portion of the bank between low water stage and peak stage). Stability conditions and predicted mechanisms of failure are shown to be in reasonably good agreement with ?eld observations. Three riverbanks, representative of the main alluvial reaches of the river, were then selected for a more detailed bank stability analysis, consisting of: (a) de?nition of characteristic hydrographs of the reach with different return periods; (b) modelling of saturated and unsaturated ?ow using ?nite element seepage analysis; and (c) stability analysis with the limit equilibrium method, by adopting pore water pressure values derived from the seepage analysis. The results are compared to those obtained from the previous simpli?ed analysis, and are used to investigate the different responses, in terms of stability, to different hydrological and riverbank conditions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.