高精度时间间隔测量技术与方法

时间间隔测量技术,尤其是高精度的时间间隔测量技术意义重大。不论是电信通讯、芯片设计等工程实践,还是原子物理、天文观测实验等理论研究,以及激光测距、卫星定位等航天军事技术,都离不开高精度的时间间隔测量技术。经过几十年的研究,目前已经有多种测量方法。在阐明插值原理之后,依次介绍了直接计数法、扩展法、时间幅度转换法、游标法、抽头延迟线法和差分延迟线法等主要方法。然后对影响测量的几个因素,包括非线性和不定态作了讨论。针对这些不良影响,还探讨了一些提高精度和稳定度的方法,比如非线性校正、PLL(Phase Lock Loop)和DLL (Delay Lock Loop)技术。最后,对时间间隔测量技术的前景作了展望。     

[Ti ii] and [Ni ii] emission from the strontium filament of η Carinae

We study the nature of the [Ti  ii ] and [Ni  ii ] emission from the so-called strontium filament found in the ejecta of η Carinae. To this purpose, we employ multilevel models of the Ti  ii and Ni  ii systems, which are used to investigate the physical condition of the filament and the excitation mechanisms of the observed lines. For the Ti  ii ion, for which no atomic data were previously available, we carry out ab initio calculations of radiative transition rates and electron impact excitation rate coefficients. It is found that the observed spectrum is consistent with the lines being excited in a mostly neutral region with an electron density of the order of 10⁷ cm⁻³ and a temperature around 6000 K. In analysing three observations with different slit orientations recorded between 2000 March and 2001 November, we find line ratios that change among various observations, in a way consistent with changes of up to an order of magnitude in the strength of the continuum radiation field. These changes result from different samplings of the extended filament due to the different slit orientations used for each observation, and yield clues on the spatial extent and optical depth of the filament. The observed emission indicates a large Ti/Ni abundance ratio relative to solar abundances. It is suggested that the observed high Ti/Ni ratio in gas is caused by dust–gas fractionation processes and does not reflect the absolute Ti/Ni ratio in the ejecta of η Carinae. We study the condensation chemistry of Ti, Ni and Fe within the filament and suggest that the observed gas phase overabundance of Ti is likely the result of selective photoevaporation of Ti-bearing grains. Some mechanisms for such a scenario are proposed.     

Three-dimensional Distribution of the Escape Photons of Hα Flares

A technique for obtaining a three-dimensional distribution of received pho- tons in Hα flares in the solar atmosphere is presented.It is well known that during flares hydrogen atoms in the chromosphere and photosphere are excited(even ion- ized)by the downward heating of non-thermal particles and then emit Hα photons. We trace back these Ha photons to their original layers by use of the contribution func- tion in the theory of spectral line formation,and so acquire their three-dimensional (3D)distribution.This technique is applied to the two-ribbon flare of 2002 January 20.The atmospheric models are obtained by fitting the“quasi-profiles”with the help of the generally used model atmospheres.Since the variety of the 3D images reflects the response of the atmospheric layers to the impact of energy transport,an analysis of the development of the flare is given through a comparison of the 3D images with the 2D temperature distribution.     

电线积冰及路面温度研究的新进展

2009年起,研究组开展了电线积冰野外观测试验及道路结冰规律的观测研究,将电线积冰观测研究从传统的积冰气象条件和积冰厚度观测提升到了积冰气象条件、积冰厚度加积冰天气云降水微物理综合观测研究的新高度,揭示了积冰发生的微物理机制,研究积冰增长率及其影响因子,建立的积冰增长模型较好地模拟了积冰增长过程。对沥青、水泥、土壤三种下垫面温度进行了观测研究,观测高速公路和桥梁不同路基深度的温度变化,并对桥面比路面更易结冰的现象从能量平衡方面做了理论解释。本文以作者团队取得的成果为主线,不求大而全,学习梳理相关的代表性研究成果,主要包括积冰发生频次的时空分布、积冰天气微物理特征、积冰增长率及其影响因子、积冰气象条件、积冰增长模型构建、道路结冰及积冰数值预报等几个方面,并对电线积冰未来的研究提出了建议。     

2020年贵州省一次MCC特大暴雨的诊断分析

该文利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP再分析资料以及卫星和雷达资料,通过对环流背景、云图、雷达以及物理量分析研究,对2020年6月30日贵州特大暴雨过程进行诊断分析,发现此次特大暴雨过程是在高空多短波槽活动、中层弱冷空气的入侵、高空急流和低层切变线长期维持以及西南暖湿气流的持续性输送共同影响下形成的。此次MCC对流云团生成于毕节市威宁县附近,在MCC的初始阶段,对流云团由块状向椭圆形发展,冷云罩面积逐步增大,云顶亮温中心不断降低;成熟阶段由椭圆形逐步扩散为多边形,云顶亮温中心维持在-80℃以下;消亡阶段冷云罩面积和云顶亮温绝对值迅速减小。逐小时短时强降雨站数与冷云盖面积有很好的对应关系,在形成、成熟、消亡3个阶段分别呈现逐步上升、明显上升和迅速减小的趋势;最大小时雨量在成熟阶段与最低云顶亮温有较好的对应关系。此次特大暴雨过程中强回波基本集中在4 km以下,中低层越靠近地面回波越强,强回波接地,质心低。初始阶段强回波强度强,移速快,但生命史短,呈现单峰值分布;成熟阶段的强回波范围大,持续时间长,移速慢,呈现多峰值分布。TI≥44℃的大值区长期维持,低层的暖平流和上升气流以及正涡度辐合,配合高层的冷平流和下沉气流以及负涡度辐散,为此次特大暴雨过程提供了有利的能量和动力条件。     

井地电法不同供电方法对地表电场的影响

为研究线源和点源供电方法的差异,在实验室利用水槽建立物理模型。由于水相对于油层而言呈低阻特征,因此试验中用铜板模拟低阻体,用铜棒模拟线电源供电,铜柱模拟点电源供电,改变低阻体与供电电源的相对位置,测试表面电位的空间分布,从而分析驱油介质(水)的空间分布。实验结果表明,不同的电源供电方法可以表现出不同的电场特性,线电源供电方法对电场的影响较大,对低阻体的识别效果较差,而点电源供电方法用于低阻体的识别和监测效果较好。     

黄土路基客运专线沉降监测技术研究

客运专线路基作为轨道结构的基础,其沉降监测及工后沉降预测非常关键。必须对沉降观测资料进行分析以预测工后沉降、确定无碴轨道铺设时间。本文以西宝客运专线为例对黄土路基工程沉降监测工作进行了论述。