Unbiased estimation formula of unit weight standard deviation in regularization solution

Regularization method is an effective method for solving ill-posed equation. In this paper the unbiased estimation formula of unit weight standard deviation in the regularization solution is derived and the formula is verified with numerical case of 1 000 sample data by use of the typical ill-posed equation, i. e. the Fredholm integration equation of the first kind.     

Determination of weighted mean tropospheric temperature using ground meteorological measurements

The weighted mean tropospheric temperature is a critical parameter in the conversion of wet zenith delay to precipitable water vapor in GPS Meteorology. This parameter can not be calculated from the radiosonde data in real time through the conventional methods. In this study, we first discuss the admissible error of weighted mean temperature to enable the accuracy of the conversion better than 1 mm, then summarize the performance of some of the existing methods. An empirical formula is established that satisfies the real-time requirement in GPS meteorology using Sequential Regression Analysis method. It is shown that this real-time formula as compared with other empirical methods is more accurate for local applications.     

Double-epoch algorithm in rapid positioning using single frequency GPS receivers

A new algorithm, called as Double-Epoch Algorithm (DEA) is proposed in GPS rapid positioning using two epoch single frequency phase data in this paper. Firstly, the structure characteristic of the normal matrix in GPS rapid positioning is analyzed. Then, in the light of the characteristic, based on TIK-HONOV regularization theorem, a new regularizer is designed to mitigate the ill-condition of the normal matrix. The accurate float ambiguity solutions and their MSEM (Mean Squared Error Matrix) are obtained, using two epoch single frequency phase data. Combined with LAMBDA method, DEA can fix the integer ambiguities correctly and quickly using MSEM instead of the covariance matrix of the ambiguities. Compared with the traditional methods, DEA can improve the efficiency obviously in rapid positioning. So, the new algorithm has an extensive application outlook in deformation monitoring, pseudokinematic relative positioning and attitude determination, etc.     

On the use of mean monthly runoff to predict the flow–duration curve in ungauged catchments

ABSTRACT

We examine the applicability of predicting the daily flow–duration curve (FDC) using mean monthly runoff represented in its stochastic form (MM_FDC) to aid in predictions in ungauged basins, using long-term hydroclimatic data at 73 catchments of humid climate, in the eastern USA. The analysis uses soil hydrological properties, soil moisture storage capacity and the predominant runoff generation mechanism. The results show that MM_FDC did not distinguish the shapes of the upper and lower thirds of the FDC. The upper third is where the precipitation pattern and the antecedent moisture conditions are dominant, while the lower third is where drought-induced low flows and the evapotranspiration effect are prevalent. It is possible to use the MM_FDC to predict the middle third of the FDC (exceedence probabilities between 33% and 66%). The method is constrained by the catchment flow variability (slope of FDC), which changes in accordance with landscape properties and the predominant runoff generation mechanism.     

巴塘地震台近震弱S波震级偏差研究

分析了2009年至2012年巴塘台测定的M_L≥3.0的近震共540个,计算出了它们与中国地震台网中心(CSN)发布的M_L震级之间的偏差,找出了巴塘台弱S波出现的区域。用相同标准震级,相等震中距的方法,找出了正常波形记录与弱S波波形记录之间的振幅比,计算出了弱S波地震的震级偏差程度,发现该台记录到的弱S波的比例高达46.5%,弱S波的震级偏差达0.7,其结果有利于地震震级测定的准确性.     

新疆测震台网与中国地震台网测定的地震震级对比分析

选用2010～2012年间新疆境内和边邻地区MS≥4.0地震41个,以中国地震台网给出的震级为标准震级,对新疆台网记录的数字记录波形使用不同仪器分析、仿真处理。用速度量记录直接计算,将速度量记录仿真为短周期WA位移记录、中长周期SK仪记录的勒夫波和长周期763仪记录的瑞利波位移记录计算震级,分别进行了震级偏差统计分析,初步得出震级偏差值的震级校正值,有利于提高新疆地震台网速报地震震级的准确性。     

Characterizing errors in digital elevation models and estimating the financial costs of accuracy

Digital topographic models are the foundation of more advanced modeling applications and ultimately inform planning and decision making in many fields. Despite this, the error associated with these models and derived attributes is commonly overlooked. Little attention has been given in the scientific literature to the benefits gained from having less error in a model or to the corresponding cost associated with reducing model error by choosing one product over another. To address these gaps in knowledge we evaluated the error associated with five digital elevation models (DEMs) and derived attributes of slope and aspect relative to the same attributes derived from LiDAR data. We also estimated the acquisition and processing costs per square kilometer of the five test models and the LiDAR models. We used three measures to characterize model error: (1) root mean square error, (2) mean error (and standard deviation), and (3) area of significant elevation error. We applied these measures to DEM products that are used extensively across a range of applications for planning and managing natural resources. We depicted the relationship between model accuracy (the inverse of error) and cost in two ways. One was accuracy/cost ratio for each model. The other used separate data on accuracy and cost to better guide potential users in choosing between models or deciding on necessary expenditure on models. The main conclusion of our work was that accounting for error in DEMs can inform choice of models and the need for financial outlays.     

IKONOS影像中地形起伏对投影差的影响

利用航空摄影测量的共线方程式,可以计算由于地形高差导致的地物在航片上的投影差大小和方向,从而进行修正,从投影的角度来分析IKONOS影像中由于地形起伏带来投影差的原因和特点,给出了计算公式用以分析影像纠正所需的地形精度要求,并对使用投影差和地物阴影大小来估算建筑物高度进行了尝试。     

琼东南盆地井震平均速度误差分析及校正

琼东南盆地是南海深水勘探的重要目标,该盆地目前情况是钻井较少,勘探程度较低,勘探前景广阔。时深转换一直是琼东南盆地研究工作的重点,其中速度作为解释成果从时间到深度转换的重要桥梁,对于地质构造的勘探、钻孔的布置和设计都起着决定性的作用。琼东南盆地横向上平均速度变化较大,且井上速度与地震速度之间存在着井震误差。据统计分析发现,该区井震误差主要有3种类型,按形态特征分别命名为铁轨差、喇叭口差、剪刀差。研究了不同类型误差的校正方法,再应用于琼东南盆地深水区YL1井的时深关系预测,钻井结果证实预测时深关系准确。     

基于MODIS LST产品估算青藏高原地区的日平均地表温度

地表温度是衡量地-气界面热状况的重要指标,在冻土制图、城市热岛效应等研究领域有重要应用.MODIS数据只提供了每日4次过境的瞬时温度值,而实际应用中往往需要日平均地表温度.对实测0cm温度数据进行分析后,发现其日变化曲线呈分段函数特性,白天按正弦曲线变化,夜间则呈线性下降.据此提出对白天和晚上的数据进行分段拟合的方案,并与已有的两种拟合方法作对比验证.地面验证工作包括两个方面:一是模拟的验证,按卫星过境时间从逐小时的实测0cm数据中挑出4个瞬时值,将上述拟合方法应用于这4个瞬时值,得到拟合的日平均温度,再同24h的算术平均值比较.结果表明:Sin-Linear法精度最高,平均误差在1K以内;其二是地面对MODIS的验证,将3种方法应用于MODIS数据,再与地面平均值比较,3种方法中Sin-Linear法误差最小,且具有最好的线性相关,R2超过0.9.