向海湿地孢粉记录及其环境意义

以霍林河下游向海湿地为研究对象,通过对湿地垂直剖面的精细采样,将放射性核素精确计年与孢粉组合特征研究相结合,进行高分辨率剖析。研究结果表明:受沉积环境的影响,不同地表水力梯度与不同地貌单元的孢粉组合特征相差较大。典型剖面孢粉图式、A/C比值与麻黄属花粉丰度分析表明,该区域以草甸草原或草原景观为主,流域大环境以半干旱为特征,局部小环境为水流缓慢或静水沉积环境,并受到风沙的影响。240年以来虽然亦存在短暂的温湿期(1851-1861aA.D.及1890-1920aA.D.),但半干旱的气候特征始终没有改变。对照相邻区域研究成果,本区近代气候具有继承性和相似性。     

The use of small‐format and low‐altitude aerial photos for the realization of high‐resolution DEMs in mountainous areas: application to the Super‐Sauze earthflow (Alpes‐de‐Haute‐Provence,France)

Geomorphologists have to make choices and compromises, as acquisition techniques of geometrical information are numerous, depending on the specific complexity of the targeted three‐dimensional objects and the requirements of the end user. This article presents the methodology and the results over a well known and documented site. This ready‐to‐use, low‐altitude, aerial photo methodology reveals itself to be a satisfying compromise between cost, accuracy and difficulty of implementation. The selected equipment package is light enough to enable a quick reaction to unexpected events and the tools and methods are competitive with field acquisition techniques. An evaluation has demonstrated a sub‐metric accuracy for the final result. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Active interaction control of civil structures. Part 2: MDOF systems

In this paper, the performance of active interaction control (AIC) algorithms is assessed within the context of two realistic building models. The AIC control approach is proposed as a semi‐active means of mitigating the structural response during large earthquakes. To implement the AIC control algorithms into MDOF systems, the modal control (MC) approach that directs the control effort to certain dominant response modes is formulated and utilized herein. Two structures, a 3‐storey building and a 9‐storey steel‐framed benchmark building controlled by the AIC algorithms are analysed for two historical earthquake records. The results of numerical simulation verify the efficacy of the AIC control algorithms in controlling vibration of building structures during large earthquakes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Re‐shaping hysteretic behaviour—spectral analysis and design equations for semi‐active structures

Semi‐active dampers offer significant capability to reduce dynamic wind and seismic structural response. A novel resetable device with independent valve control laws that enables semi‐active re‐shaping of the overall structural hysteretic behaviour has been recently developed, and a one‐fifth scale prototype experimentally validated. This research statistically analyses three methods of re‐shaping structural hysteretic dynamics in a performance‐based seismic design context. Displacement, structural force, and total base‐shear response reduction factor spectra are obtained for suites of ground motions from the SAC project. Results indicate that the reduction factors are suite invariant. Resisting all motion adds damping in all four quadrants and showed 40–60% reductions in the structural force and displacement at the cost of a 20–60% increase in total base‐shear. Resisting only motion away from equilibrium adds damping in quadrants 1 and 3, and provides reductions of 20–40%, with a 20–50% increase in total base‐shear. However, only resisting motion towards equilibrium adds damping in quadrants 2 and 4 only, for which the structural responses and total base‐shear are reduced 20–40%. The spectral analysis results are used to create empirical reduction factor equations suitable for use in performance based design methods, creating an avenue for designing these devices into structural applications. Overall, the reductions in both response and base‐shear indicate the potential appeal of this semi‐active hysteresis sculpting approach for seismic retrofit applications—largely due to the reduction of the structural force and overturning demands on the foundation system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅层顶管施工引起的土体移动

顶管施工引起包括地面沉降和土的轴向移动在内的土的运动。 土的这些运动可能导致邻近构筑物和管线的损坏。 理论分析和现场实测都显示, 在类似于上海等地的软土地层中顶管施工, 顶管周围土的运动问题是三维的。 基于半解析数值方法的基本原理, 将轴向离散而在径向和环向选取位移函数, 构造了解析解函数。 给出了包括位移函数、刚度矩阵和荷载矩阵在内的理论分析过程, 从而建立了半解析单元法。 利用半解析单元法将顶管施工中三维土运动问题转化成一维数值计算 。 利用所建立的半解析单元法, 就软土地层中顶管工程实例计算了施工所引起的土体位移。 结果表明, 半解析元法用于计算顶管施工中顶管周围土的移动, 可以得到较为满意的结果。 由于计算所需要的单元数减少, 处理该问题所需要的时间也明显减少。 根据分析与计算结果还得到了一些有价值的结论。     

The importance of surface controls on overland flow connectivity in semi‐arid environments: results from a numerical experimental approach

In semi‐arid environments, the characteristics of the land surface determine how rainfall is transformed into surface runoff and influences how this runoff moves from the hillslopes into river channels. Whether or not water reaches the river channel is determined by the hydrological connectivity. This paper uses a numerical experiment‐based approach to systematically assess the effects of slope length, gradient, flow path convergence, infiltration rates and vegetation patterns on the generation and connectivity of runoff. The experiments were performed with the Connectivity of Runoff Model, 2D version distributed, physically based, hydrological model. The experiments presented are set within a semi‐arid environment, characteristic of south‐eastern Spain, which is subject to low frequency high rainfall intensity storm events. As a result, the dominant hydrological processes are infiltration excess runoff generation and surface flow dynamics. The results from the modelling experiments demonstrate that three surface factors are important in determining the form of the discharge hydrograph: the slope length, the slope gradient and the infiltration characteristics at the hillslope‐channel connection. These factors are all related to the time required for generated runoff to reach an efficient flow channel, because once in this channel, the transmission losses significantly decrease. Because these factors are distributed across the landscape, they have a fundamental role in controlling the landscape hydrological response to storm events. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于新型LE水平跳点网格的阴阳网格平流方案设计

为了模拟球面平流传输过程,本文基于球面阴阳重叠网格设计了一种两时间层半拉格朗日平流方案.该方案在球面坐标下采用新型的LE水平跳点网格,同时针对阴阳网格重叠区,采用了不同插值方法进行比较分析,且进行了相关的理想数值试验对方案设计效果进行评估.数值试验表明方案设计是成功的,阴阳网格重叠区平流对插值方案比较敏感;半拉格朗日方案能较好地模拟球面刚体平流和变形涡旋的结构、位置及演变过程,并具有较好的数值稳定性和较高的数值精度.     

基于扩展单调速率算法的水下平台通信系统

针对水下平台工作环境复杂、通信实时性和可靠性要求高的特点,设计了一套分布式冗余通信系统。该通信系统以西门子PLC S7-400H和工控机为主控制器,基于波分复用技术建立了冗余的光纤传输通路;同时提出了一种新型的扩展单调速率算法,对水下平台的任务进行了优先级分配,并基于此算法进行了通信系统软件设计。经过可靠性分析和半实物仿真试验验证,该通信系统的实时性、可靠性及冗余机制符合设计要求,可以成功应用于水下平台,效果良好。     

Short‐term versus medium‐term monitoring for detecting gully‐erosion variability in a Mediterranean environment

This study investigates how medium‐term gully‐development data differ from short‐term data, and which factors influence their spatial and temporal variability at nine selected actively retreating bank gullies situated in four Spanish basin landscapes. Small‐format aerial photographs using unmanned, remote‐controlled platforms were taken at the gully sites in short‐term intervals of one to two years over medium‐term periods of seven to 13 years and gully change during each period was determined using stereophotogrammetry and a geographic information system. Results show a high variability of annual gully retreat rates both between gullies and between observation periods. The mean linear headcut retreat rates range between 0·02 and 0·26 m a^–1. Gully area loss was between 0·8 and 22 m² a^–1 and gully volume loss between 0·5 to 100 m³ a^–1, of which sidewall erosion may play a considerable part. A non‐linear relationship between catchment area and medium‐term gully headcut volume change was found for these gullies. The short‐term changes observed at the individual gullies show very high variability: on average, the maximum headcut volume change observed in 7–13 years was 14·3 times larger than the minimum change. Dependency on precipitation varies but is clearly higher for headcuts than sidewalls, especially in smaller and less disturbed catchments. The varying influences of land use and human activities with their positive or negative effects on runoff production and connectivity play a dominant role in these study areas, both for short‐term variability and medium‐term difference in gully development. The study proves the value of capturing spatially continuous, high‐resolution three‐dimensional data using small‐format aerial photography for detailed gully monitoring. Results confirm that short‐term data are not representative of longer‐term gully development and demonstrate the necessity for medium‐ to long‐term monitoring. However, short‐term data are still required to understand the processes – particularly human activity at varying time scales – causing fluctuations in gully erosion rates. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Understanding hydrological processes in a highly stressed granitic aquifer in southern India

The results of a study evaluating the recharge/discharge conditions of an unconfined stressed granitic aquifer situated in a semi‐arid region of Andhra Pradesh, Southern India are presented. Over the last three decades, excessive withdrawal of groundwater has drastically lowered the water table to the bedrock. The watershed studied was divided into four zones based on geomorphology and hydrogeological conditions. Using environmental chloride data pertaining to groundwater, soil depth profiles, and some hydrogeologic and hydrochemical observations, a recharge model for the watershed was developed. The model revealed that the bulk of the vertical recharge in the western elevated land occurs through preferred pathways and that a small fraction occurs through the soil matrix. In addition, the watershed has a poor hydrogeologic fabric, as indicated by the small range of matrix flow recharge (1 to 1·5% of rainfall) among the four zones. The dominating preferential flow was high (～16% of the annual average rainfall) in the valley fills, but decreased to 5–5·5% in the plains. Furthermore, although the bulk of the recharge occurs vertically, considerable lateral movement of groundwater down the slope indicates that sequential hydrochemical changes occur. Distinct geomorphological features that exist in the watershed support the proposed model. Situations similar to those described above may exist in numerous watersheds in the granitic hard rock region; therefore, information obtained from investigations conducted in this watershed can aid in the development of plans enabling the sustainable exploitation of watersheds that have not yet been developed, as well as implementation of appropriate rainwater conservation measures in over‐exploited watersheds. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.