Controls on the development of continuous gullies: A 60 year monitoring study in the Moldavian Plateau of Romania

Gully erosion is a major environmental threat on the Moldavian Plateau (MP) of eastern Romania. The permanent gully systems consist of two main gully types. These are: (1) discontinuous gullies, which are mostly located on hillslopes and (2) large continuous gullies in valley bottoms. Very few studies have investigated the evolution of continuous gullies over the medium to longer term. The main objective of this study was to quantitatively analyse the development of continuous gullies over six decades (1961–2020). The article aimed at predicting temporal patterns of gully head erosion based on field data from multiple gullies. Fourteen representative continuous gullies were selected near the town of Barlad, most of them having catchment areas < 500 ha. Linear gully head retreat (LGHR) and areal gully growth (AGG) rates were quantified for six decades. Two main periods were distinguished and compared (i.e., the wet 1961–1980 period and the drier 1981–2020 period). Results indicate that gully erosion rates have significantly decreased since 1981. The mean LGHR of 7.7 m yr⁻¹ over 60 years was accompanied by a mean AGG of 213 m² yr⁻¹. However, erosion rates between 1961 and 1980 were 4.0 times larger for LGHR and 5.9 times more for AGG compared to those for 1981–2020. Two regression models indicate that annual precipitation depth (P) is the primary controlling factor, explaining 57% of LGHR and 53% of AGG rate. The contributing area (CA) follows, with ~33%. Only 43% of total change in LGHR and 46% of total change in AGG results from rainfall-induced runoff during the warm season. Accordingly, the cold season (with associated freeze–thaw processes and snowmelt runoff) has more impact on gully development. The runoff pattern, when flow enters the trunk gully head, is largely controlled by the upper approaching discontinuous gully.     

Delaunay三角网生长法的一种改进方法

为了提高Delaunay三角网的构建速度,本文对三角网生长法进行了改进,提出了一种基于生长法的"弧带搜索排除"方法,通过一系列的圆弧将离散点区域划分成几个弧带,构网时,规定只可在当前弧带搜索第三点,该弧带离散点搜索完毕后进入下一弧带,如此循环。采用VC++6.0加以实现。测试表明,该方法能够加快构网速度,生成的三角形形状良好,具有一定的实际效用。     

基于LiDAR点云自动生成等高线的方法研究

在地形图测绘中,等高线的获取有多种手段,但其方法都较为传统,费时费力,精度也不尽如人意。随着机载激光LiDAR的出现,利用其高精度的点云数据快速获取等高线是一种很好的途径。本研究利用机载LiDAR系统采集的点云数据,通过对点云数据处理,分别使用Global Mapper,GeoTIN,JX-4C,Tindem,VirtuoZo和TerraS-can等六种软件生成等高线,通过分析、比较,找出最为科学、合理的方法。结果表明,在采用Tindem生成等高线时,设置合适的参数,就能生成符合地形要求、质量最佳的等高线。     

大型复杂平面控制网闭合差计算程序设计与实现

大型复杂平面控制网闭合差的搜寻是平差程序内业质量自动检查的难点和关键问题,许多关于闭合差搜寻与计算方面的论文都只给出了基本原理和大体思路,未涉及程序的具体设计与实现,本文讨论在平面网内业质量检查闭合环和附合路线自动搜寻与计算中的程序设计与实现。     

中国东部大陆和邻近海域暖云特性时空分布及其与气象条件的关系

基于2003~2016年MODIS/Aqua（MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer）云产品资料（MYD08_D3）,分析了中国东部大陆及其邻近海域云量（CF）、云滴有效半径（CER）、和液水路径（LWP）的空间分布以及季节变化,并结合同期ERA-Interim再分析资料的850 hPa垂直速度（ω_850hPa）、低对流层稳定度（LTS）、以及MODIS/Aqua水汽产品中的大气可降水量（PWV）资料,分析了云宏微观物理量与动力、热力及水汽条件之间的关系。从空间分布来看,夏季由日本海至中南半岛存在一个东北西南走向的云量高值区,覆盖我国东部地区,冬季云量高值区位于我国南方地区和东部海域上空;云滴有效半径冬、夏分布类似,均为由东南洋面至西北内陆递减;夏季液水路径分布较为均一,冬季空间差异很大,30°N是明显的高低值分界线,这与冬季水汽的分布密切相关。陆地和海洋上云量均呈冬高夏低的变化趋势,陆地大于海洋,而云滴有效半径和液水路径则为夏高冬低,海洋大于陆地。总体来说,云量与PWV和LTS均表现为正相关、与ω_850hPa呈负相关,表明低层的上升运动有利于水汽向上输送、凝结形成云,但稳定的大气层结又会阻碍云进一步向上发展,使其被限制在底层空间,由于本文的研究对象为暖云,多为中低云,因而云量较高;云滴有效半径和液水路径均与LTS、ω_850hPa表现为负相关,但是对PWV的变化不是很敏感,表明水汽并不是影响云滴尺度和液水路径的主导因素,其主要受动力、热力抬升作用的影响;以上关系在不同区域、不同季节的表现存在一定差异。     

FY-2C静止气象卫星红外通道辐射特性研究

FY-2C静止气象卫星中红外通道(3.5～4.0μm)比较特殊,在该通道,地球长波辐射和太阳短波入射辐射的强度基本相同,因此在应用时需要同时考虑大气的散射和热发射两种过程。作者对这两种过程进行了分析,用SBDART辐射传输模式模拟计算了FY-2C中红外通道接收的总辐射、热辐射及散射辐射,分析了它们的特性及对云滴粒子有效半径的敏感性,并提出从该通道接收总辐射中扣除地面及云热辐射贡献项的经验关系式。     

雷击建筑物的先导连接过程模拟

为了研究闪电先导与地物的相互作用,该文建立了一个闪电先导的二维模式以模拟雷击建筑物的先导连接过程。模拟得到梯级长度在13.8～51.5 m的范围内,下行先导的感应电荷为0.03×10~(-4)～1.2×10~(-4) C/m,梯级长度和感应电荷量均随着先导离地高度的下降而增加,模拟结果与观测值相吻合。下行先导最后一跳之前的转向并不明显,但最后一跳,下行先导向避雷针产生的上行先导偏转一定角度。模式模拟了下行先导与40 m宽度的建筑之间的相互作用和连接过程,得到建筑物拐角也具有一定的吸引半径,避雷针和拐角之间存在竞争关系。因此,在雷电防护设计中需要考虑拐角等复杂结构尖端对闪电的吸引作用,简单地采用理想情况(如地面孤立高耸尖端)下避雷针的吸引半径等参数进行复杂建筑物的防雷设计会存在问题和隐患。     

Statistical analysis of microphysical properties and the parameterization of effective radius of warm clouds in Beijing area

In this paper warm cloud microphysical parameters including cloud droplet number concentration (N_c), liquid water content (q_l) and effective radius (r_e) from 75 flights around the Beijing area during 2005 and 2006 are summarized. Average N_c (cm^− 3) for Cu, Sc, Ac, As and Ns are 376 ± 290, 257 ± 226, 147 ± 112, 60 ± 35 and 60 ± 84, respectively. Many records of high N_c above 1000 cm^− 3 are observed. The large standard deviations indicate a large variation of N_c and q_l in this region. The maxima of q_l reach 1.4 g m^− 3 in Cu and 1.0 g m^− 3 in Sc, respectively. Different parameterizations of effective radius are examined with the in-situ data in this area. There are different ways to obtain the prefactor representing the relationship between effective radius and mean volume radius. Significant systematic errors are found to be at the large sizes when the prefactor is expressed with relative dispersion under the Gamma Distribution. Fixed prefactor of 1, which was widely used, even produces much larger error. A prefactor of 1.22 is found to be better than the former two methods by fitting with the observed data. The effective radius is further parameterized as functions of mean volume radius, liquid water content and cloud droplet number concentration. We suggest that the effective radius can be parameterized as r_e,p ≈ 1.20r_v + 0.22–1.28/r_v², which is a practical and more accurate scheme without too much computation complexity.     

试论选择地方参考椭球体长半径的合理公式

在建立地方独立坐标系时需要匹配一个与该坐标系投影面吻合的地方参考椭球体,在保证地方椭球体的中心、轴向和扁率与国家参考椭球体相同的前提下,采用何种计算公式来确定长半轴的改正量,以使新椭球体面与地方坐标系投影面吻合得最好,本文对现今个别规范和教科书中采用的计算公式作了分析,指出了公式错误,同时导出了新的计算公式,并得出了现用公式对实际测量工作无影响的结论。     

The opposition effect in the outer Solar system: A comparative study of the phase function morphology

In this paper, we characterize the morphology of the disk-integrated phase functions of satellites and rings around the giant planets of our solar system. We find that the shape of the phase function is accurately represented by a logarithmic model [Bobrov, M.S., 1970. Physical properties of Saturn's rings. In: Dollfus, A. (Ed.), Surfaces and Interiors of Planets and Satellites. Academic, New York, pp. 376-461]. For practical purposes, we also parametrize the phase curves by a linear-exponential model [Kaasalainen, S., Muinonen, K., Piironen, J., 2001. Comparative study on opposition effect of icy solar system objects. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 70, 529-543] and a simple linear-by-parts model [Lumme, K., Irvine, W.M., 1976. Photometry of Saturn's rings. Astronomical Journal 81, 865-893], which provides three morphological parameters: the amplitude A and the half-width at half-maximum (HWHM) of the opposition surge, and the slope S of the linear part of the phase function at larger phase angles.Our analysis demonstrates that all of these morphological parameters are correlated with the single-scattering albedos of the surfaces.By taking more accurately into consideration the finite angular size of the Sun, we find that the Galilean, Saturnian, Uranian and Neptunian satellites have similar HWHMs (?0.5^°), whereas they have a wide range of amplitudes A. The Moon has the largest HWHM (∼2^°). We interpret that as a consequence of the “solar size bias”, via the finite angular size of the Sun which varies dramatically from the Earth to Neptune. By applying a new method that attempts to morphologically deconvolve the phase function to the solar angular size, we find that icy and young surfaces, with active resurfacing, have the smallest values of A and HWHM, whereas dark objects (and perhaps older surfaces) such as the Moon, Nereid and Saturn's C ring have the largest A and HWHM.Comparison between multiple objects also shows that solar system objects belonging to the same planet have comparable opposition surges. This can be interpreted as a “planetary environmental effect” that acts to locally modify the regolith and the surface properties of objects which are in the same environment.