Vegetation图像植被指数与实测水稻叶面积指数的关系

水稻的叶面积指数 (LAI)是水稻生长的一项重要参数 ,与水稻的生物量与产量直接相关。利用 1999年在江苏省江宁县实测的水稻叶面积指数与同期Vegetation/SPOT的植被指数作了对比分析 ,结果发现同期的LAI与植被指数表现相近的变化特征 ,两者具有良好的相关关系。     

商末气候变化对于稻作农业的影响——基于济南大辛庄、刘家庄遗址商代植物遗存观察

气候变化影响着农作物的生长。文章通过对比济南大辛庄遗址中、晚商时期的植物遗存和济南刘家庄遗址商末周初的植物遗存,发现两个遗址主要农作物均包括粟(Setaria italica (L.)Beauv.)、黍(Panicum miliaceum L.)、大豆(Glycine max(L.)Merr.)和小麦(Ttiticum aestivum L.),大辛庄遗址水稻(Oryza sativa L.)绝对数量较多,但刘家庄遗址未发现水稻。综合本地区其他遗址的植物考古研究结果,可以发现山东地区岳石文化时期、商代水稻仍是主要粮食作物之一,但到商末周初水稻数量急剧减少。同时,邻近的中原地区和关中地区,多处商周时期遗址水稻种植也普遍出现萎缩。多项地质记录表明,商末(3000 a B.P.前后)东亚夏季风快速减弱,降水量显著下降。山东地区受东亚季风影响,这一时期降水量减少,难以保证稻作农业所需的持续充足的水源,从而影响到水稻产量和种植规模。因此,商末气候变化很可能是刘家庄遗址商末周初水稻缺失以及山东地区商末周初水稻数量骤降的主要原因之一,也同时影响到整个黄河中下游这一时期的稻作农业。     

Impact of flooded rice paddy on remotely sensed evapotranspiration in the Krishna River basin,India

Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the major water exchange processes between the earth's surface and the atmosphere. ET is a combined process of evaporation from open water bodies, bare soil and plant surfaces, and transpiration from vegetation. Remote sensing-based ET models have been developed to estimate spatially distributed ET over large regions, however, many of them reportedly underestimate ET over semi-arid regions (Jamshidi et al., Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2019, 20, 947–964). In this work, we show that underestimation of ET can occur due to the open water evaporation from flooded rice paddies ignored in the existing ET models. To address the gap in ET estimation, we have developed a novel approach that accounts for the missing ET component over flooded rice paddies. Our method improved ET estimates by a modified Penman-Monteith algorithm that considered the fraction of open water evaporation from flooded rice paddies. Daily ET was calculated using ground based meteorological data and the MODIS satellite data over the Krishna River Basin. Seasonal and annual ET values over the Krishna Basin were compared with two different ET algorithms. ET estimates from these two models were also compared for different crop combinations. Results were validated with flux tower-based measurements from other studies. We have identified a 17 mm/year difference in average annual ET over the Krishna River Basin with this new ET algorithm. This is very critical in basin scale water balance analysis and water productivity studies.     

中国超级杂交稻在孟印缅地区的生产潜力模拟

水稻是孟加拉国、印度和缅甸最重要的粮食作物,研究中国超级杂交稻对孟印缅地区的水稻增产潜力,对于保障孟中印缅经济走廊的粮食安全与区域可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。在全面收集孟印缅地区气候、土壤、田间管理信息和农业统计数据的基础上,结合中国籼型杂交稻F优498和丰两优4号的品种信息和区试数据,通过EPIC模型模拟了1996-2005年雨季孟印缅3国在不同情景下的超级稻生产潜力,并分析了孟印缅地区主要胁迫因子对超级稻单产潜力的影响。研究表明：① 中国超级杂交稻在孟印缅地区2000年的灌溉和施肥水平下单产潜力为10.22 t/ha,在充分灌溉且合理施肥的水平下单产潜力为11.33 t/ha。② 孟印缅地区雨季稻的增产空间达22771万t,水稻增产潜力最大的地区是印度的恒河平原东部、印度半岛东南沿海与缅甸的伊洛瓦底三角洲。③ 印度德干高原东北部、西南部和印度大平原西北部需要进一步完善灌溉设备以满足高产水稻用水,缅甸的中南部平原地区和印度的东北地区则需要增施氮肥以满足高产水稻用肥。     

Mangrove forest dynamics in Tanintharyi,Myanmar from 1989–2014, and the role of future economic and political developments

Mangrove forests in Southeast Asia provide many ecosystem services, though are experiencing extensive deforestation, especially in Myanmar. Recent political and economic reforms in Myanmar are projected to further increase development pressures on natural resources. Mangrove forests in the southern state of Tanintharyi have largely been spared clearance because of poor infrastructure and a volatile security situation, though this may change with plans for economic expansion. We quantified land cover dynamics and proximate drivers of mangrove deforestation in Tanintharyi between 1989 and 2014 using a remote sensing approach over five time intervals. Tanintharyi experienced low mangrove cover loss overall, as compared with other regions of Myanmar, with 3.2 per cent being deforested over 25 years. However, this statistic hides large site‐specific losses and gains, which varied significantly within the study area. Myeik district lost 210 km² of mangrove over 25 years, but also gained 132 km². Dawei and Kawthung had minimal net loss of mangroves because of extensive mangrove regeneration. This historical mangrove baseline is essential for supporting environmentally‐conscious development in Myanmar's southernmost state.     

Is Larger Scale Better? Evidence from Rice Farming in Jianghan Plain

Small-scale household agricultural production has been in conflict with China’s agricultural modernization. In the context of vigorously promoting rural land circulation and moderate scale management nationwide, research on the relationship between farm size and scale efficiency has become increasingly important. In this paper, we use the “DEA-OLS” two stage method to analyze data from 368 surveys of rice farming households in the Jianghan Plain. The scale efficiency of rice farming was calculated, and the relationship between farm size and scale efficiency investigated. The results indicate that (1) the rice farm size is generally small in Jianghan Plain, with an average of 0.77 ha. The average scale efficiency is 0.88, and it is the main factor limiting an increase in comprehensive technical efficiency. Moreover, 88.32% of households are in the stage of increasing returns to scale. (2) There is a stable inverted “U” type relationship between rice farm size and scale efficiency. Considering characteristics of the householder, the household and land quality, the maximum scale efficiency corresponds to a household with 5 ha of rice farm. (3) Among householder characteristics, age has a significant negative influence on scale efficiency, and scale efficiency is lower for a household whose householder is engaged in non-farm work than for one whose householder is devoted to farming. As for land quality, there was a significant positive effect of irrigation on scale efficiency. Among family characteristics, the application of a machine during the seeding process increased scale efficiency by 3.07%. Therefore, we suggest that local government should actively promote rural land circulation, implement a staged-scale management subsidy, and other forms of support for the purchase of agricultural machinery and technical popularization. Increased investment in irrigation improvements and mechanical facilities and encouragement of farmers to enlarge their farm size could improve scale efficiency and farming profit and lead to the development of moderate scale management.     

江西省早稻雨洗花灾害指标构建与灾损评估

构建早稻雨洗花灾害指标及适于早稻产量估算的灾损评估模型,对开展早稻雨洗花灾害监测、损失评估、灾害保险等具有重要意义。该文以江西省早稻为研究对象,利用1981-2015年14个水稻气象观测站逐日气象资料和农业气象观测资料,筛选出基于早稻抽穗扬花期间过程降水量、最大降水量、降水日数及实际产量的雨洗花灾害样本78个,在此基础上,利用相关分析、正态分布以及主成分回归法,建立了雨洗花灾害指标和灾损评估模型,并对其进行验证。结果表明:抽穗扬花期降水对雨洗花灾害形成有显著影响,其主要影响时段为抽穗扬花普遍期前后5 d内,关键时段为抽穗扬花普遍期前后3 d内。日降水量40 mm可作为早稻抽穗扬花期雨洗花灾害临界指标。以该指标为基础,统计日降水量不低于40 mm的降水日数及其对应的累积降水量,当累积降水量为40~170 mm时,为轻度雨洗花灾害,早稻一般减产小于15%,平均减产10%;当累积降水量不小于170 mm时,为重度雨洗花灾害,早稻一般减产不低于15%,平均减产22%。指标验证结果与历史实际灾害发生情况有较好的一致性。雨洗花灾损评估模型检验结果表明:雨洗花年模拟产量与实际产量吻合度较高,平均相对模拟误差为4.3%,78.0%的资料相对误差在5%以内,可利用该模型对雨洗花年的早稻减产率进行模拟和预测。     

Direct Conversion of Food Waste into 3D Porous Carbon Traps for Selective Adsorption of Cationic Dyes

Conversion of waste biomass into valuable functional materials accomplishes the concept of circular economy in the development of sustainable waste management, and also recovery of such resources possibly reduces the requirement of feedstocks. In this scenario, the development of methodologies toward the direct conversion of the raw biomass into solid adsorbent materials without the use of any templates is highly desirable, but exceptionally challenging due to the complexity of the process. Here the direct synthesis of 3D porous carbon traps by a simple, cost-effective, and template-free process starting from a kitchen-based recipe and fermented food waste is described. Precisely, a robust carbon trap is formed with a spongy structure and highly interconnected hierarchical pores after the pyrolysis of a rice-based foam in the air. The developed materials float on water and interact efficiently with cationic dyes at static conditions. Importantly, such performance of the 3D carbon traps is not affected in the presence of anionic dyes, indicating the excellent selectivity towards the adsorption of cationic dyes. The adsorbent can be easily recovered and reused for up to 3 cycles without releasing any byproducts, thus, without causing hazardous risk of any secondary pollution to the environment.     

高产水稻理想株型的灰色关联度分析

应用灰色关联分析方法 ,分析了 6个水稻品种 2 1个株型性状对单株产量的影响。结果表明 :单株产量与 2 1个株型性状的关联序依次为 :剑叶厚 >倒二叶厚 >剑叶宽 >倒二叶宽 >倒二叶鞘长 >剑叶鞘长 >倒二叶弦长 >倒三叶宽 >倒三叶厚 >倒三叶鞘长 >剑叶长 >倒二叶长 >倒三叶长 >剑叶弦长 >倒三叶弦长 >倒三叶基夹角 >倒三叶叶开角 >剑叶叶开角 >剑叶基夹角 >倒二叶基夹角 >倒二叶叶开角。     

GBW10010a大米标准物质复(研)制及数据特征

随着我国对生态文明建设的重视,自然资源综合调查势在必行,对生物标准物质亦提出了新的需求。当前相关调研工作已经大面积开展,自然资源综合调查、农产品与食品安全评价都需要对生物样品元素组成进行准确测试,需要以生物标准物质作为生物成分测试量值比对和溯源的基础,因此对生物基体标准物质的需求量大幅增加。大米作为主要粮食之一,其食品安全日益受到重视,对大米中的化学成分进行准确的分析测试具有重要的现实意义,因而对大米标准物质的需求量尤为突出,但目前大米成分分析标准物质已供不应求。本文严格按照《标准物质定值的通用原则及统计学原理》（JJF 1343—2012）和《地质分析标准物质的研制》（JJF 1646—2017）等相关规范要求,开展了GBW10010a大米成分分析标准物质的复（研）制工作,包括样品采集、加工制备、均匀性检验、稳定性检验、多家实验室协作定值测试及不确定度评定等关键环节。结果表明：本次复（研）制的大米标准物质定值成分多样、量值准确可靠,符合国家一级标准物质的要求。GBW10010a共定值54项主微量元素,包括Ag、Al、As、B、Ba、Be、Bi、Ca、Cd、Ce、Co、Cr、Cs、Cu、Dy、Er、Eu、Fe、Gd、Ge、Hg、Ho、K、La、Li、Ho、Mg、Mn、Mo、N、Na、Nb、Nd、Ni、P、Pb、Pr、Rb、S、Sb、Sc、Se、Si、Sm、Sr、Tb、Th、Tl、Tm、U、V、Y、Yb、Zn,其中的39项元素给出了标准值及不确定度,包括Ag、Al、As、B、Ba、Ca、Cd、Ce、Co、Cs、Cu、Dy、Er、Fe、Hg、K、Li、Mg、Mn、Mo、N、Na、Nd、Ni、P、Pb、Pr、Rb、S、Sb、Se、Si、Sm、Sr、Tb、Tl、Y、Yb、Zn;15项元素提供参考值,包括Be、Bi、Cr、Eu、Gd、Ge、Ho、Ho、La、Nb、Sc、Th、Tm、U、V。与原有GBW10010大米标准物质相比较,GBW10010a中As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Mo、Ni、Zn等重金属元素含量显著下降,其中Cd、Cu、Zn降幅较大,分别下降约39%、43%、38.7%,一定程度上反映了农田生态环境的改善。本批标准物质定值元素总数量增加了6项,新增定值元素Ag、Nb（Nb给出参考值）,并且各项元素不确定度范围整体上有所缩小,如Al、Cd、Cu、Fe、K、Mg、Mo、Na、P、Pb、Se、Zn等对生物易有影响的重要元素,表明了地质分析测试方法技术的进步及定值水平的提高。本批标准物质定值元素涵盖了具有生物效应的大部分主微量元素,适用于农业生态环境地球化学调查与评价、生物样品测试、农产品质量与食品安全评价样品测试时的分析仪器校正、分析方法评价和分析质量监控等多个领域。