北京地区一次降水过程的多普勒雷达资料分析

通过对一次稳定性降水过程的多普勒雷达资料的强度场、速度场及VAD产品的分析，得出对降水过程不同阶段临近预报有指导意义的结论。     

长江中游暴雨监测预报系统的设计和结构

自７０年代起，利用高新技术，研制以监测预报中尺度灾害性天气为目标的业务化系统，已成为一个重要领域，在世界范围蓬勃兴起。８０年代内，武汉中心气象台从引进美国数字化天气雷达系统开始，直到国家七五攻关课题＜＜灾害性天气监测和短时预报系统＞＞长江中游片的完成，基本建成了一个现代化的长江中游暴雨监测预报业务系统。作者从系统工程学角度出发，介绍其设计思想，技术策略和系统结构。ＭＹＴＲＯＮＳ的成功标志我国气象业     

一次连续性大到暴雨成因及雷达回波特征分析

利用T213资料、自动站每小时降水资料、探空资料、乌鲁木齐多普勒天气雷达资料等对乌鲁木齐地区2004年7月18～20日的连续性大-暴雨天气过程进行了分析,指出:局地强垂直风切变、高K指数、水汽输送、边界层偏西急流和不稳定大气层结对大降水的产生和维持具有一定的预报能力。     

多普勒天气雷达径向速度图上的雹云特征

不同的强对流天气造成的灾害和社会影响差别很大。通过对北京地区2001年和2002年出现的32次降雹时伴随出现的天气现象分类和对雹云多普勒天气雷达径向速度场图像特征的分析统计, 得出“大风区”、“中气旋”是经常出现降雹的多普勒径向速度图像特征。“大风区”常伴随出现强风冰雹, 而“中气旋”则常伴随出现暴雨冰雹, 这对于判别冰雹云产生什么样的天气现象是有指示意义的。     

Satellite-based Observational Study of the Tibetan Plateau Vortex:Features of Deep Convective Cloud Tops

In this study, an east-moving Tibetan Plateau vortex (TPV) is analyzed by using the ERA-5 reanalysis and multi-source satellite data, including FengYun-2E, Aqua/MODIS and CALIPSO. The objective is to demonstrate: (i) the usefulness of multi-spectral satellite observations in understanding the evolution of a TPV and the associated rainfall, and (ii) the potential significance of cloud-top quantitative information in improving Southwest China weather forecasts. Results in this study show that the heavy rainfall is caused by the coupling of an east-moving TPV and some low-level weather systems [a Plateau shear line and a Southwest Vortex (SWV)], wherein the TPV is a key component. During the TPV's life cycle, the rainfall and vortex intensity maintain a significant positive correlation with the convective cloud-top fraction and height within a 2.5° radius away from its center. Moreover, its growth is found to be quite sensitive to the cloud phases and particle sizes. In the mature stage when the TPV is coupled with an SWV, an increase of small ice crystal particles and appearance of ring- and U/V-shaped cold cloud-top structures can be seen as the signature of a stronger convection and rainfall enhancement within the TPV. A tropopause folding caused by ageostrophic flows at the upper level may be a key factor in the formation of ring-shaped and U/V-shaped cloud-top structures. Based on these results, we believe that the supplementary quantitative information of an east-moving TPV cloud top collected by multi-spectral satellite observations could help to improve Southwest China short-range/nowcasting weather forecasts.     

一种基于数值模式诊断自适应的北京地区对流性降水临近集合预报新方法

局地触发及组织化发展中尺度系统的生消演变是影响对流性降水临近预报的核心和关键。本文结合雷达外推预报、专家系统以及快速循环更新的高分辨数值模式系统,发展和构造了一种适合北京地区的基于数值模式预报诊断自适应的对流性降水临近集合预报新方法（APEN）。APEN基于降水外推预报结果,采用模糊逻辑算法,利用北京市气象局快速循环更新同化系统（RMAPS-IN）提供的对流诊断因子,计算对流系统发展演变（新生、增加和减弱）概率;在此基础上,扰动诊断因子阈值和权重,形成对流发展的集合概率预报;最后综合专家经验,根据对流集合概率,在降水外推预报基础上进行对流性降水调整。应用APEN,针对北京两次强弱降水过程,进行了降水的临近预报试验,结果表明:基于RMAPS-IN多种诊断因子的对流发展集合概率在强弱两种天气背景下,都能较好的反映对流系统在临近时段的发展趋势;基于专家经验模型的三种对流发展状态（对流新生、增加和减弱）下的降水调整,能合理的表征对流系统发展演变对降水的影响。APEN降水预报和RMAPS-IN的业务预报的对比显示:无论是系统性对流过程还是局地激发对流过程,APEN预报的降水落区和强度都更接近于实况,尤其是考虑对流发展演变影响的降水强度预报明显优于RMAPS-IN,APEN在北京地区对流性降水的临近预报中有明显的优势和应用潜力。     

Statistically Extrapolated Nowcasting of Summertime Precipitation over the Eastern Alps

This paper presents a new multiple linear regression(MLR) approach to updating the hourly, extrapolated precipitation forecasts generated by the INCA(Integrated Nowcasting through Comprehensive Analysis) system for the Eastern Alps.The generalized form of the model approximates the updated precipitation forecast as a linear response to combinations of predictors selected through a backward elimination algorithm from a pool of predictors. The predictors comprise the raw output of the extrapolated precipitation forecast, the latest radar observations, the convective analysis, and the precipitation analysis. For every MLR model, bias and distribution correction procedures are designed to further correct the systematic regression errors. Applications of the MLR models to a verification dataset containing two months of qualified samples,and to one-month gridded data, are performed and evaluated. Generally, MLR yields slight, but definite, improvements in the intensity accuracy of forecasts during the late evening to morning period, and significantly improves the forecasts for large thresholds. The structure–amplitude–location scores, used to evaluate the performance of the MLR approach,based on its simulation of morphological features, indicate that MLR typically reduces the overestimation of amplitudes and generates similar horizontal structures in precipitation patterns and slightly degraded location forecasts, when compared with the extrapolated nowcasting.     

天山南侧喀什地区冰雹潜势预报及预警指标的研究

利用2008-2017年5~8月天山南侧喀什地区气象台站观测记录、人工防雹作业点记录、灾害调查等资料,喀什探空站08时、20时探空资料,喀什雷达探测资料及其基数据反演产品,对冰雹的年分布、月分布及日变化特征进行了分析,归纳出冰雹云的雷达回波特征及移动路径,依据百分位数方法确定了以0℃层高度、-20℃层高度、冻结层厚度、全总指数、杰弗逊指数、K指数、沙氏指数为代表的冰雹预报指标,以及以回波顶高及其与当日0℃层高度差、40~50 dBZ回波高度及其与当日0℃层高度差、组合反射率、垂直积分液态水含量为代表的雷达特征预警指标。     

安徽省山岳型景区旅游气象服务业务系统

针对安徽省山岳型景区旅游气象服务的需求和特点,以旅游气象观测网为基础,基于短时临近预报系统(INCA系统)、云海景观预报技术、雷电监测预警技术、旅游气象条件综合评级等,开发了安徽省山岳型景区旅游气象服务业务系统,实现了旅游气象服务产品的高效加工制作和快速分发传递.目前,系统已在黄山景区、九华山景区投入业务运行,为当地旅游气象服务工作的开展提供了重要支撑.