旋回阶梯底形的动力地貌及其相关沉积物发育特征

旋回阶梯(Cyclic Step)是一种与斜坡相关的、向上迁移的、具有周期性水跃特征的底形,广义上还包括了冲槽与冲坑。基于迎流面沉积作用和背流面侵蚀作用的主导程度可将其划分为主沉积型和主侵蚀型两类。旋回阶梯具有长波长的特征,其波高比通常大于10。海(湖)底旋回阶梯的形成与坡度有很大的关系,其坡度范围通常为0.25°~2°,很少超过10°。与该种底形相关的沉积具有不对称透镜状或匙状纵切面形态,主要以块状或递变沉积及后积层发育为主要特征,其中以超临界浊流沉积和大规模向上迁移的沉积物波最为典型。旋回阶梯底形广泛分布于世界上绝大多数沉积环境中,其地貌动力学和相关沉积学研究对于"源—汇"系统、过程—产物具有重要意义。     

深尾水消力池非完全宽尾墩消能试验研究

为解决下游深尾水工程中常规底流式消力池内由于消能紊动不足引起出池水流二次水跃、冲刷下游天然河床等一系列工程难题,结合物理模型和数值模拟对比研究平尾墩、常规宽尾墩以及非完全宽尾墩下游消力池内流场差异。研究结果表明:非完全宽尾墩利用平尾墩闸室与相邻宽尾墩闸室入池水流横向水位落差和纵向流速梯度,迫使雍高射流入池水流呈弧形横向扩散、碰撞,显著增强剪切紊动,促使消力池上游区域形成由底至表不断发展壮大的立轴旋滚,提升消力池内能量紊动耗散、降低出池水流流速,完全解决常规底流式消力池中易出现的二次水跃、消能不充分等问题。     

地形对湖南省内污染物输送的动力作用

结合湖南地形走向, 从理论分析和实验两个方面着手研究了气流遇山时产生的受阻、爬越及绕流引起的平行于山的急流、过山后的类 “水跃”以及绕山后的右偏转对于污染物输送的动力作用, 科学地分析了散布在湘西、湘西南的污染源所排放的污染物沿山的走向在山的迎风面自北向南及自西向东输送从而造成湘东南的污染。而气流过山后的类 “水跃”现象对污染物有明显的垂直输送作用, 且绕流的右偏转使污染物向山的右侧输送, 危害了山右侧的自然景观及人类的活动。     

夏季副热带高压北移的非线性机理探讨

文中建立了含22个变量的强迫、耗散、非线性的斜压大气动力系统。该系统包含了超长波、长波和纬向气流三者的相互作用;反映了北半球两大洋、两大陆的“二波型”的纬向和经向非均匀热力强迫;采用相轨线图、流函数图以及Poincar啨图相结合的方法,归纳出若干典型的流动体制和环流型式;用长方形通道中的流动近似地表征北半球环流。结果表明:(1)该系统能很好地刻画斜压大气中7种流动体制及其转换;随着夏季热力强迫的增大,系统状态经历了R1R12V-NVR12的变化。(2)刻画了4种主要的环流型式及其转换;随着夏季热力强迫的增大,环流型从G2转G3,即副高季节性北移西伸。(3)系统的流动体制和环流型式之间的联系表现为:夏季副热带高压北移西伸即G2转G3的变化,对应着流动体制由Rossby流转振荡态(R12V-NV);副热带高压在偏北位置上的南北向和东西向的振荡活动,则对应着系统振荡态的维持。     

DRY/WET CLIMATE CHANGE SINCE 960 A.D.IN TAIHU DRAINAGE BASIN OF CHINA

IINTRODUCTION climate chang巳 divided d叮／wet penodS and discussed itsrelationships with cold／warm vanatlon and solar activityRecords ofellmate dlsasterhave been abundantly（CHEN198飞 1989）．IOund In Chinese historical literature．Previous works The present study tends to establish the dry／wethave collected such records to study the historical elf－series since 960 A．D．ofTal…     

北上台风云系结构变化的遥感定量特征指标研究及应用

定量诊断分析北上台风的云系结构特征对于预报有重要意义,研究选取2011—2020年16个北上台风,定义南北对称度因子S1和一三象限对称度因子S2,作为反映北上台风云系结构的指标。当S1＜0时,通常台风南侧和西南侧的云量较多,并常与季风云系相连,台风一般表现为“9”字型结构;当S1＞0时,通常台风北侧和东北侧的云量较多,台风南侧的云系减弱,台风一般表现为“6”字型结构。台风北上过程中由S1＜0向S1＞0转变,在云系结构特征上表现为由“9”字型结构转化为“6”字型结构。而这种结构特征的转变初始表现为台风核心区域内第一象限云量增多并向东北方向伸展,同时第三象限对流云衰减以及云量减少,此时,一三象限对称度因子S2＞0并快速增大,台风有快速减弱的趋势。南北对称度因子和一三象限对称度因子作为北上台风云系结构诊断分析的两个重要指标,为台风强度、降雨的监测和预报形成了定量参考。      

2018年盛夏副热带高压极端偏北的原因分析

2018年盛夏辽宁的阶段性高温与副热带高压(简称“副高”)的极端偏北有关,利用1981—2018年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、ECMWF再分析资料和中国地面气候资料日值数据集(V3.0),主要以候的时间尺度,从大气环流异常的形成及其原因进行分析,解释了2018年盛夏副高极端偏北的原因及影响机制。结果表明：影响副高位置偏北的因素主要有三方面。一是来自欧洲上空的高压脊发展并东移,与副高断裂开的一支结合,使得副高北移;二是南半球冷空气活动,导致向北的越赤道气流加强,从而造成赤道辐合带(intertropical convergence zone,ITCZ)北移,进一步引起副高北移;三是由于青藏高原东部感热增强,其上升气流经由一候到两候的时间在辽宁和渤海地区下沉。三方面因素的共同影响造成了副高位置的极端偏北。     

全球变暖不同阶段热带辐合带的移动及其与大气能量输送的关系

基于第五次国际间耦合模式比较计划(The phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project,CMIP5)中在4.5 W/m^2的典型浓度路径(Representative Concentration Pathway,RCP4.5)试验结果,本文通过能量框架分析方法研究了全球变暖不同阶段热带辐合带(Intertropical Convergence Zone,ITCZ)的南北移动及其主要机制,发现在温室气体持续增加的海洋快响应和温室气体达到稳定后的海洋慢响应两个阶段,ITCZ的移动都和跨赤道的大气能量输送(Atmosphere Heat Transport,AHT)变化显著相关,但两者变化的原因在两个阶段中是不同的。在快响应阶段,ITCZ位置的移动以及跨赤道AHT受大气层顶(Top of the Atmosphere,TOA)的能量变化驱动,主要与南大洋云短波辐射响应、北半球中高纬度云和地表的短波辐射响应有关,气溶胶减少引起的辐射响应变化使得ITCZ在大多数模式中表现出向北移动的特征。在慢响应下辐射强迫保持稳定,ITCZ在大多数模式中表现出向南移动的特征。这一时期ITCZ的移动由大气表面能量通量变化驱动,主要与潜热通量变化的南北半球差异有关。全球变暖不同阶段ITCZ移动与大气能量输送变化的关系差异反映了海洋对于气候变化的重要调控作用。     

SPH procedures for modeling multiple intersecting discontinuities in geomaterial

A methodology is developed in SPH framework to analyze the behavior of preexisting multiple intersecting discontinuities or joints in rock material. The procedure does not require any additional unknowns to represent discontinuities and to capture velocity jump across them. Instead, a discontinuity is represented by a set of joint particles placed along the discontinuity plane, in which relative velocity and traction vector is evaluated, obeying the Mohr–Coulomb friction law with zero tension constrain. For failure of continuous rock material, the Drucker–Prager yield criterion with tensile cracking is employed in the elastic‐plastic constitutive model. Free‐sip, no‐slip, and symmetric boundary conditions are also implemented in SPH framework for proper representation of physical system. The paper analyzes behavior of a rock sample having a discontinuity plane under uniaxial loading and compares velocity and stress with a theoretical solution derived considering effective vertical stiffness of the joint planes. The efficacy of the proposed method is successfully demonstrated by solving another two problems of jointed rock mass under uniaxial and gravitational loading conditions.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatial distribution and temporal trends of mean precipitation and extremes in the arid region,northwest of China,during 1960–2010

On the basis of daily precipitation records at 76 meteorological stations in the arid region, northwest of China, the spatial and temporal distribution of mean precipitation and extremes were analysed during 1960–2010. The Mann–Kendall trend test and linear least square method were utilized to detect monotonic trends and magnitudes in annual and seasonal mean precipitation and extremes. The results obtained indicate that both the mean precipitation and the extremes have increased except in consecutive dry days, which showed the opposite trend. The changes in amplitude of both mean precipitation and extremes show seasonal variability. On an annual basis, the number of rain days (R0.1) has significantly increased. Meanwhile, the precipitation intensity as reflected by simple daily intensity index (SDII), number of heavy precipitation days (R10), very wet days (R95p), max 1‐day precipitation amount (RX1day) and max 5‐day precipitation amount (RX5day) has also significantly increased. This suggests that the precipitation increase in the arid region is due to the increase in both precipitation frequency and intensity. Trends in extremes are very highly correlated with mean trends of precipitation. The spatial correlation between trends in extremes and trends in the mean is stronger for winter (DJF) than for annual and other seasons. The regional annual and seasonal precipitation and extremes are observed the step jump in mean in the late 1980s. Overall, the results of this study are good indicators of local climate change, which will definitely enhance human mitigation to natural hazards caused by precipitation extremes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.