山东半岛一次强暴雨的分析和数值模拟

利用T213资料、常规观测资料和多普勒雷达资料,对2004年8月5日发生在山东半岛东部的一次大暴雨过程进行了数值模拟和分析,在模拟结果比较成功的基础上,利用细网格模拟资料重点分析了高、低空急流和850 hPa低压与暴雨的关系,以及山东半岛地形的动力作用。结果表明:暴雨强回波从南向北传播时强度逐渐增强,反映了中尺度对流系统的结构和发展;对流云团首先在低空急流中心左前方生成,与副热带高压边缘的西南暖湿气流有关,中尺度高空急流是伴随对流由强高空出流而形成,高、低空急流的耦合作用有利于强对流天气的维持和发展;在副热带高压西侧边界层激发出一个中β尺度低压,该低压形成后与暴雨区相伴移动,且移动路径与山东半岛东部地形分布有关,山东半岛地形对西南暖湿气流阻挡和绕流的动力作用是导致威海附近强暴雨的原因之一。     

2007年云南7次强降水过程的分析研究

应用实测气象资料,结合卫星云图与多普勒雷达图像分析,对2007年7月19日到8月2日云南少有的7次强降水过程进行综合分析,结果表明:高低空的西南急流是重要的影响系统,西南急流的维持为持续性强降水过程提供了水汽、动量和不稳定能量的快速传递,高原切变线与西南急流的有利配置,是7次持续性强降水过程必不可少的条件;持续性强降水出现在500hPa水汽通量大值区和水汽通量散度辐合区;卫星云图上切变云带和副高外围云带在云南汇合,切变云带和副高外围云带维持、加强的过程与强降水落区的时空分布对应较好.多普勒速度图上零速度线长时间维持"S"型,风随高度顺时针旋转,说明高层有持续的暖平流.高低层不同性质的气流配合,有利于强降水产生.     

Study on deepwater conductor jet excavation mechanism in cohesive soil

Conductor casing jetting technique has been increasingly applied in deepwater drilling. The insight into the jetting excavation mechanisms is critical in guiding a successful conductor casing jetting operation. The real- time continuous jet excavation process is simulated with the volume of fluid (VOF) multiphase method of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) ANSYS Fluent calculation software in the current study. The cohesive soil is modelled by using a kind of viscous fluid with Herschel-Bulkley model. In addition, a laboratory half round nozzle jet excavation test is designed for verification by comparison of the observed jet excavation profile with the numerical results. The sensitivity parameters affecting the conductor jetting excavation mechanism in cohesive soil are thus investigated. It is found that the application of Herschel-Bulkley (HB) model for cohesive soil and the VOF method of Fluent can provide a good simulation of jet excavation process. The maximum excavation depth can be determined by the undrained ultimate bearing capacity of the circular foundation with a bearing capacity factor of 6.7. The nozzle position, jet velocity and soil strength have significantly influence on the depth and width of the jet excavation profile in conductor oblique jet.     

An Extreme Monsoonal Heavy Rainfall Event over Inland South China in June 2023: A Synoptic Causes Analysis

An extreme monsoonal heavy rainfall event lasted for nine days and recurred in the interior of northern south China from June 13 to 21, 2022. Using regional meteorological stations and ERA5 reanalysis data, the causes of this extreme monsoonal rainfall event in south China were analyzed and diagnosed. The results are shown as follows. A dominant South Asian high tended to be stable near the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, providing favorable upper-level dispersion conditions for the occurrence of heavy rainfall in south China. A western Pacific subtropical high dominated the eastern part of the South China Sea, favoring stronger and more northward transport of water vapor to the northern part of south China at lower latitudes than normal. The continuous heavy precipitation event can be divided into two stages. The first stage (June 13-15) was the frontal heavy rainfall caused by cold air (brought by an East Asian trough) from the mid-latitudes that converged with a monsoonal airflow. The heavy rains occurred mostly in the area near a shear in front of the center of a synoptic-system-related low-level jet (SLLJ), and the jet stream and precipitation were strongest in the daytime. The second stage (June 16-21) was the warm-sector heavy rainfall caused by a South China Sea monsoonal low-level jet penetrating inland. The heavy rainfall occurred on the windward slope of the Nanling Mountains and in the northern part of a boundary layer jet (BLJ). The BLJ experienced five nighttime enhancements, corresponding well with the enhancement of the rainfall center, showing significant nighttime heavy rainfall characteristics. Finally, a conceptual diagram of inland-type warm-sector heavy rainfall in south China is summarized.     

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF LOW-LEVEL JET STREAMS IN NANJING AREA BASED ON WIND PROFILER DATA

In order to understand the activity characteristics of low-level jets in the Nanjing area, statistical analysis and comparative study are carried out on their monthly and diurnal variations, characteristics of their cores and accompanying weather conditions using wind profile data in 2005—2008 collected by two wind profilers. The results show that low-level jets have significant monthly and diurnal variations. They occur more frequently in spring and summer than in autumn and winter and are more active in early morning and at night, with the maximum wind speed usually occurring at midnight. The central part of the low-level jet occurs mainly at the height of less than 1400 meters, and the enhancement of central speed is beneficial to the appearance of precipitation. Meanwhile, when the low-level jet appears in summer, it helps cause heavy rain. The statistical results of the boundary wind profiler are well consistent with those of the tropospheric wind profiler. Two kinds of wind profilers also have the capability of continuously detecting the development of low-level jets.     

MODELING HEADCUT DEVELOPMENT AND MIGRATION IN UPLAND CONCENTRATED FLOWS

On hillslopes and agricultural fields, discrete areas of intense, localized soil erosion commonly take place in the form of migrating headcuts. These erosional features significantly increase soil loss and landscape degradation, yet the unsteady, transient, and migratory habits of headcuts complicate their phenomenological and erosional characterization. Here a unique experimental facility was constructed to examine actively migrating headcuts typical of upland concentrated flows. Essential components of the facility include a deep soil cavity with external drainage, rainfall simulator, capacity for overland flow, and a video recording technique for data collection. Results from these experiments show that： （1） after a short period of adjustment, headcut migration attained a steady-state condition, where the rate of migration, scour hole geometry, and sediment discharge remain constant with time; （2） boundary conditions of higher rates of overland flow, steeper bed slopes, and larger initial headcut heights produced systematically larger scour holes with higher rates of soil erosion; and （3） during migration, the turbulent flow structure within the scour hole remained unchanged, consisting of an overfall nappe at the brink transitioning into a reattached wall jet with two recirculation eddies within the plunge pool. The systematic behavior of headcut development and migration enabled the application of modified jet impingement theory to predict with good success the characteristics of the impinging jet, the depth of maximum scour, the rate of headcut migration, and the rate of sediment erosion. These laboratory data and the analytical formulation can be used in conjunction with soil erosion prediction technology to improve the management of agricultural areas impacted by headcut development and ephemeral gully erosion.     

某核废物填埋区土壤对Sr吸附的动态模拟实验研究

目前,我国处理极低放废物采用的是就近地质填埋的方法,通过选择合适的吸附材料及添加剂,建立人工屏障,以最大限度地阻滞核素进入与人类生活有关的自然环境中。这里通过研究某地土壤对Sr的吸附,做了动态模拟试验,建立了动态模型,进行不同高度柱体的对比实验。经实验表明：填埋区土壤TY29＋1％人造沸石作为填埋场屏障材料,可营造“碱性～还原”氛围,对阻滞Sr迁移非常有效。不同高度柱体对比实验表明：当柱高度之比为1：2：3,C／C0=0．5时,其累计输出的流量之比为1：1．96：2．16,平均渗透系数分别为：0．62、0．52、0．54。由此可见,随高度增加,吸附性能呈增高的趋势,且柱体渗透性降低。在柱体吸附一段时间后,三个柱的吸附能力都出现了减小的突越,这与在吸附过程中前期为物理吸附进行的较快,后期为化学吸附进行的较慢有关。     

高压喷射注浆在非开挖技术中的应用

本文介绍了高压喷射注浆特点,探讨了其在非开挖领域中的应用。     

龙卷风的漏斗结构理论

龙卷风是大气中风速和垂直速度极大的小尺度系统.本文用气压梯度力、惯性离心力、黏性力三力平衡的柱坐标(r,θ,z)下的大气动力和热力学方程组,求龙卷风的三维速度场(vr,vθ,vz),从理论上绘制出龙卷风的三维漏斗型结构.充分说明龙卷风由涡旋流和急流这两种流叠加而成,涡旋流是由惯性离心力造成的,急流是由水平辐合辐散而引起的强对流.龙卷风是在极端不稳定的大气层结中形成的.     

高空急流对一次强沙尘暴过程沙尘传输的影响

使用GRAPES_SDM沙尘暴数值模式,对2011年4月28-30日中国北方强沙尘暴天气进行分析,讨论高空急流在此次过程中对沙尘传输的影响,得出以下结论:（1）GRAPES_SDM沙尘暴模式较好地模拟了此次沙尘暴过程的范围和强沙尘暴中心,整体模拟效果较好;（2）沙尘天气发生时间及移动路径与200 hPa高空急流的加强、移动发展有很好的对应关系;（3）高空强纬向风速的加强能够促使中低层形成垂直环流圈,其下沉支流使高空动量有效下传到近地面,进而在地面形成大风及扬沙和沙尘暴天气,强沙尘暴中心位于此垂直环流圈的下沉支;（4）等熵位涡与高空急流及地面沙尘浓度分布演变有很好的对应关系,等熵位涡位于高空急流北侧,地面沙尘浓度中心位于高空急流出口区、等熵位涡中心西南侧、等值线密集带;高层高值位涡区向下延伸的路径与高空急流北侧纬向风速等值线密集带有非常好的对应关系。本文还通过对高空急流轴线动力、热力结构垂直剖面的分析,探讨了高空急流对大范围沙尘天气影响的可能机制。