暴雨过程低空急流区域的动能平衡分析

用有限区域细网格宏观分析系统，诊断和分析了１９９３年、１９９４年的两次伴随着暴雨过程的低空急流选定区域内的动能平衡，发现，虽然计算区域内平均总动能较大，且有其一定的变化，但计算出的各时次总动能产生值比其变率却一般要大两个量以上。     

有限供水条件下水库和田间配水整合优化调度

针对多水源多作物灌区,研究有限供水条件下灌区优化配水问题。模型中既考虑水库优化调度,又考虑田间优化配水。模型思路:根据灌区水土资源分布状况,将全灌区划分为多个子区,每个子区种植有若干种作物。如果把每个子区每种作物所在的田块看作一个土壤水库,则可采用水库群调度的方法研究这类灌区优化配水问题,文中采用的是优化控制方法。为了证明模型的正确性,同时建立了3个模型。模型1:既不考虑水库优化调度又不考虑田间优化配水;模型2:只考虑水库优化调度;模型3:只考虑田间优化配水。实例计算表明,整合调度模型能产生较多的效益(特别在干旱年份),优化控制方法计算性能良好。     

砂金及"狗头金"次生增生的有限性

对砂金、“狗头金”的次生增生边宽度，砂金和“狗头金”的粒度和成色与原生金矿体的自然金粒度和成色的对比结果表明，砂金、“狗头金”在表生条件下的次生增生程度是十分有限的。对有限增生的原因进行了分析，认为可能与H2O2、微生物等对微细粒金具有双重作用有关，即其对微细粒金的溶解及再生均起作用。从而得出砂金及“狗头金”应由原生金矿体中的富金集合体（大块金及金的巨晶）在表生条件下遭受改造并发生有限增生所形成。     

On the influence of urbanization on the water budget in Nairobi city: A numerical study

The impact of the growth and development of the City of Nairobi on the water budget is simulated using a high-resolution limited-area numerical model. The water substance fields are modelled with full physics in a control experiment. Five sensitivity experiments are then performed by altering the land-use/cover over the domain of study to assess the influence of the city, forests and terrain undulations on the water substance fields. Results showed that the highest evaporation occurred in areas of the study domain with open grasslands/scattered bush-land's vegetation types and the least at the city centre. Deforestation would lead to a substantial increase in the loss of water effected through evaporation despite a reduction in transpiration. The observed rainfall amount and frequency were highest in the high ground portions to the northwest of the study domain. Numerical analyses showed that the urban heat island had a destabilizing effect on the flow, which enhanced convection that resulted in increased rainfall downwind of the urban area. Further growth and expansion of the city of Nairobi would increase the area and amount of rainfall received. Deforestation would decrease rainfall amounts. Massive reforestation would increase the observed rainfall. There has been a decrease in soil moisture at the current location of the city centre; the decrease is bound to increase with the expansion of the city. The City of Nairobi has resulted in a large decrease in the soil moisture through converting the natural fabric to concrete/asphalt material. Deforestation would result in a marginal decrease in the soil moisture. Further growth and development of Nairobi City would modify the water substance budget appreciably. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Supply limited sediment transport in a high-discharge event of the tropical Burdekin River, North Queensland, Australia

Interactions between catchment variables and sediment transport processes in rivers are complex, and sediment transport behaviour during high‐flow events is not well documented. This paper presents an investigation into sediment transport processes in a short‐duration, high‐discharge event in the Burdekin River, a large sand‐ and gravel‐bed river in the monsoon‐ and cyclone‐influenced, semi‐arid tropics of north Queensland. The Burdekin's discharge is highly variable and strongly seasonal, with a recorded maximum of 40 400 m³ s^?1. Sediment was sampled systematically across an 800 m wide, 12 m deep and straight reach using Helley‐Smith bedload and US P‐61 suspended sediment samplers over 16 days of a 29‐day discharge event in February and March 2000 (peak 11 155 m³ s^?1). About 3·7 × 10⁶ tonnes of suspended sediment and 3 × 10⁵ tonnes of bedload are estimated to have been transported past the sample site during the flow event. The sediment load was predominantly supply limited. Wash load included clay, silt and very fine sand. The concentration of suspended bed material (including very coarse sand) varied with bedload transport rate, discharge and height above the bed. Bedload transport rate and changes in channel shape were greatest several days after peak discharge. Comparison between these data and sparse published data from other events on this river shows that the control on sediment load varies between supply limited and hydraulically limited transport, and that antecedent weather is an important control on suspended sediment concentration. Neither the empirical relationships widely used to estimate suspended sediment concentrations and bedload (e.g. Ackers & White, 1973) nor observations of sediment transport characteristics in ephemeral streams (e.g. Reid & Frostick, 1987) are directly applicable to this river.     

华北联网有线地震数据传输设备的研制

从分析数字信号传输制式的特点入手,介绍了华北联网有线传输设备的电路原理,技术上的特点和实际使用中的情况。     

中国西部地区猎隼(Falco cherrug)繁殖生物学与保护

自2001-2006年,中国科学院与英国鸟类研究中心联合对新疆准噶尔盆地和昆仑山、青海玉树地区、西藏那曲地区的猎隼(Falco cherrug)分布状况与繁殖生态进行深入调查。考察行程上万公里。卫星跟踪显示在俄罗斯、蒙古繁殖的猎隼迁往青藏高原越冬。但是,实地调查表明,在新-青-藏还有一些繁殖种群;繁殖区的海拔高度从600 m,上升至5 200 m。根据观察,猎隼喜欢沿用旧巢,多数巢属于"垃圾巢"。因为高原缺乏合适的巢材,那些人类遗弃的皮管、铁丝、皮带、破布、汽车零件、骨片、绳子等垃圾充斥于巢穴之中。考察期间,共找到100多只猎隼成鸟、约35个猎隼巢或巢区;分布地点涉及昆仑山脉、准噶尔盆地、卡拉麦里山脉、北塔山、可可西里、唐古拉山脉等,包括新疆奇台、且末、青河、塔城,青海楚玛尔河、五道梁、曲麻莱、雁石坪、玉树,西藏安多、那曲等。猎隼巢址多位于悬崖凹陷处(21个)、河岸砂土洞(5)、桥梁(2)等处;巢高于地面7~30 m。通常沿用渡鸦、大鵟、棕尾鵟、金雕的旧巢,有同步繁殖现象。附近有鼠兔、雪雀、地鸦、岩鸽、石鸡、沙鸡等活动。巢区沿着山脉或者丘陵连续分布,巢间距最近2.5 km,通常4~8 km或更远。在准噶尔盆地其繁殖密度1.1~1.6对/1 000 km2。通常4~5月产卵,窝卵数3~5枚;5月上旬和中旬已有部分幼鸟出壳。虽然在中国捕捉猎隼现象十分猖獗,但考察结果依然令人振奋。建议中国猎隼研究小组(CSRG)积极开展国际合作,通过卫星跟踪、GPS定位、电子微芯片标记(PIT)、DNA指纹图谱分析、人工猎隼栖架和巢穴招引技术等,不断完善监测手段和管理机制,为猎隼的保护与合理利用做出努力。     

西准噶尔拉巴岩体的成因——来自岩石学、年代学和地球化学的证据

西准噶尔西南部的拉巴岩体形成于早二叠世(285.7~295.1 Ma), 由花岗岩、花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩岩基和一系列花岗闪长斑岩、闪长岩、花岗岩等岩脉组成, 矿物主要包括石英、斜长石、碱性长石、角闪石和黑云母等, CaO、Na2O含量较高, Eu弱负异常, 高εNd、低(87Sr/86Sr)i, 具有中高硅、钙碱性、贫镁铁、准铝质-弱过铝质的特点, 属典型的I型花岗岩, 可进一步分为高Sr低Yb的高压型埃达克岩和低Sr高Yb的低压型岛弧花岗岩, 均形成于洋壳俯冲的岛弧环境, 西准噶尔地区在早二叠世可能仍存在未完全关闭的有限洋盆, 对完善区域大地构造演化具有重要意义。     

基于图像分块和线段投票的遥感道路边缘线提取

从遥感图像中提取边缘线是一个经典的课题,不同的边缘提取算法适用于不同类型的图像。实际图像中道路的几何形状不甚规则,因受到建筑和树木遮挡导致对比度较低且噪声影响较严重,道路边缘线会发生断裂,故高分辨率遥感图像道路边缘线提取一直是一个研究热点。针对现有方法很难提取出清晰连续的道路边缘线问题,提出一种遥感图像道路边缘线提取新方法:首先通过方向模板检测边缘点,搜索出分块图像中的子线段;然后延伸子线段并进行投票,连接处于弯曲边缘线的直线段,将长度大于特定阈值的边缘线作为输出结果;最后去除毛刺和分叉,取8个方向道路的并集作为最终道路网。实验结果表明,该方法能够从高分辨率遥感图像中较好地提取带有一定曲率、对比度较低、噪声影响严重的道路边缘线。