Spatial and temporal variability of annual and seasonal precipitation over the desert region of China during 1951–2005

The spatial and temporal variations of precipitation in the desert region of China (DRC) from 1951 to 2005 were investigated using a rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF), the precipitation concentration index (PCI) and the Mann–Kendall trend test method (M‐K method). In addition, the association between variation patterns of precipitation and large‐scale circulation were also explored using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data. The results indicated that the spatial pattern of precipitation was primarily the local climate effect significant type, with the first three EOFs explaining a total of 55·3% of the variance, and the large‐scale climate system effect type, which explained 9·8% of the variance. Prior to the 1970s, the East Asian summer monsoon was stronger, which resulted in abundant precipitation in the Inner Mongolia region. Conversely, the climate of the Xinjiang region was controlled by westerly circulation and had lower precipitation. However, this situation has been reversed since the 1980s. It is predicted that precipitation will decrease by 15–40 and 0–10 mm/year in the Inner Mongolia plateau and southern Xinjiang, respectively, whereas it will likely increase by 10–40 mm/year in northern Xinjiang. Additionally, 58–62% of the annual rainfall occurred during summer in the DRC, with precipitation increasing during spring and summer and decreasing in winter. The intra‐annual precipitation is becoming uniform, but the inter‐annual variability in precipitation has been increasing in the western portions of the DRC. The probability of precipitation during the study period increased by 30% and 22·2% in the extreme‐arid zones and arid zones, respectively. Conversely, the probability of precipitation during the study period decreased by 18·5% and 37·5% in the semi‐arid zones and semi‐wet zones, respectively. It is predicted that the northwest portion of the DRC will become warmer and wetter, while the central portion will become warmer and drier and the northeast portion will be subjected to drought. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

汶川8.0级地震的根源和成因

汶川8.0级地震的主要根源是2005年1月20日出现的太阳宇宙线耀斑引起的宇宙线GLE事件。其成因是：宇宙线环境增强使作用到地球的大量宇宙线在电离层产生电流系，再通过电磁感应在地球内部产生感应电流系，进而在地内铀、钍元素富集区产生燃烧腔，进一步引起地下核裂变燃烧和地下氢聚变燃烧，燃烧腔里面的高温高压最终把燃烧腔的围岩炸裂，从而产生大地震。汶川大地震地区的地下观测资料及地震波层析成像分析证实在汶川大地震震源下确实存在异常高温区。据此，本文提出了预警大地震的一条新思路。     

Soil Plug Effect Prediction and Pile Driveability Analysis for Large-Diameter Steel Piles in Ocean Engineering

Long steel piles with large diameters have been more widely used in the field of ocean engineering.Owing to the pile with a large diameter,soil plug development during pile driving has great influences on pile driveability and beating capacity.The response of soil plug developed inside the open-ended pipe pile during the dynamic condition of pile-driving is different from the response under the static condition of loading during service.This paper addresses the former aspect.A numerical procedure for soil plng effect prediction and pile driveability analysis is proposed and described.By taking into consideration of the pile dimension effect on side and tip resistance,this approach introduces a dimensional coefficient to the conventional static equilibrium equations for the plug differential unit and proposes an improved static equity method for the plug effect prediction.At the same time,this approach introduces a simplified model by use of one-dimensional stress wave equation to simulate the interaction between soft ping and pile inner wall.The proposed approach has been applied in practical engineering analyses.Results show that the calculated plug effect and pile driveability based on the proposed approach agree well with the observed data.     

A new contact algorithm in the material point method for geotechnical simulations

Contact between stiff structural elements and soil is encountered in many applications in geotechnical engineering. Modelling of such contact is challenging as it often involves impact that would lead to large deformation and failure of the soil. The Material Point Method (MPM) is a mesh‐free method that has been applied to simulate such phenomena. However, the frictional contact algorithm commonly used in MPM only supports Coulomb friction and cannot model fully or partially rough contact conditions in terms of geotechnical engineering. Moreover, because of very different stiffness of contacting materials, the contact force predicted by the previous frictional contact algorithms usually suffers from severe oscillation when applied in structure–soil interaction. This paper presents a new contact algorithm, termed Geo‐contact, designed for geotechnical engineering. In Geo‐contact, a penalty function is incorporated to reduce the oscillation in contact computation, and a limited shear stress is specified along the contact interface. The proposed Geo‐contact algorithm has been implemented to simulate smooth, partially rough and rough contact in typical large deformation penetration problems. The resistance–displacement curves obtained using the Geo‐contact are compared with analytical solutions of limit analysis and large deformation finite element results to verify the accuracy and robustness of the proposed contact algorithm. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Coupling of BEM with a large displacement and rotation algorithm

In stability analysis of rock blocks, the deformability of the blocks can conveniently be simulated using the boundary element method (BEM). However, all boundary conditions are given as stresses. Thus, the displacement solution is not unique. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed to remove rigid body motions in the solution of the boundary form of Somigliana identity discretized by the direct BEM formulation. The algorithm is applied to the calculation of the normal stiffness of rock blocks and coupled with BS3D, large displacement and rotation algorithm for the general stability of rock blocks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reassessment of petrogenesis of Carboniferous-Early Permian rift-related volcanic rocks in the Chinese Tianshan and its neighboring areas

The Carboniferous Early Permian rill-related volcanic successions.covering large areas in the Chinese Tianshan and its adjacent areas.make up a newly recognized important Phanerozoic large igneous province in the world.which can be further divided into two sub-provinces:Tianshan and Tarim. The regional unconformity of Lower Carboniferous upon basement or pre-Carboniferous rocks.the ages (360—351 Ma) of the youngest ophiolite and the peak of subduction metamorphism of high pressure-low temperature metamorphic belt and the occurrence of Ni-Cu-bearing mafic-ultramatic intrusion with age of—352 Ma and A-type granite with age of～358 Ma reveal that the final closure of the Paleo Asian Ocean might lake place in the Early Mississippian.Our summation shows that at least four criteria.being normally used to identify ancient asthenosphere upwelling(or mantle plumes),are met for this large igneous province:(1) surface uplift prior to magmatism:(2) being associated with continental ifting and breakup events:(3) chemical characteristics of asthenosphere(or plume) derived basalts;(4) close links to large-scale minerali/alion and the uncontaminaled basalts,being analogous to those of many "ore-bearing" large igneous provinces.display Sr-Nd isotopic variations between plume and EMI geochemical signatures.These suggest that a Carboniferous asthenosphere upwelling and an Early Permian plume played the central role in the generation of the Tianshan—Tarim(central Asia) large igneous province.     

New Recognized Intellect for Prospecting Large‐superlarge Mineral Deposits

Based on the data base of 1285 mineral deposits of 22 commodities in 121 countries of 6 continents of the world, the authors use the linear trend analysis for their reserves to determine the cut-off limited order of reserves to select 36 exceptional superlarge (as peak mineral), 95 superlarge and 314 large deposits as new recognized intellect for their quantitative change. We have projected above 445 large-superlarge deposits on (1:5 M) global tectonic background map and divided 4 metallogenic domains, 21 metallogenic belts. Global metallogeny of large-superlarge deposits are: unity by endogenic, exogenic metamorphic and epigenetic in origin; speciality in different metallogenic domains and belts; preferentiality to ore-forming elements of Cu, Au, Fe, Ag, Cr, Mn, Zn, Pb, Sb, Hg, to continental margins or plate convergent belts, to Intra-continental tectono-magmatic complex belts and Large ductile shear zones; abnormality by the global oxyatmversion (excess oxygen atmospheric event) in Archean, redoxyatmversion (lack oxygen atmospheric event) in Proterozoic-Paleozoic, and tectonosphere thermal erosion (great amount of tectonic magmatic event) in Mesozoic-Cenozoic.     

FAST台址巨石混合体边坡开挖稳定性分析

FAST台址巨石混合体的开挖稳定性对工程的建设和安全运营具有重要的意义。本文选取典型剖面,对FAST台址巨石混合体边坡在开挖后可能发生的坡体内部深层滑动和表层块体失稳两种破坏模式进行研究。结果表明：巨石混合体边坡沿最危险滑动面滑动的稳定系数约为2.8,不会发生坡体内部滑动。开挖后坡体上部较陡部位的表层块体由于失去支撑而发生失稳,再带动后方的块体运动。块体运动过程中重新堆积、咬合,体现出一定的自稳性。研究结果可为FAST台址巨石混合体及类似地质体的稳定性评价提供参考。     

一种改进的简单的估算原始岩浆的方法

利用橄榄石和熔浆的Fe—Mg分配系数,制作了MgO—FeO演化图解。根据MgO—FeO体系中Fo橄榄石的Fo值:Fo=n(Mg)÷n(Mg)+n(Fen(Mg)/n(Mg)+n(Fe))等值线与Fe—Mg演化曲线交点确定原始岩浆成分。该图解优点在于可以更简单、直观地判别原始岩浆成分,适用于橄榄石分离结晶体系。同时介绍了该图解的使用方法,并以峨眉山大火成岩省丽江地区的大具与仕满两个剖面的苦橄岩为例,说明如何应用该图解来恢复原始岩浆以及解释岩石的成因。研究结果表明,仕满地区原始岩浆MgO、FeO含量分别为23.5%和12.8%,部分熔融程度较高,SM-14和SM-15是由仕满原始岩浆经过轻度橄榄石分离结晶形成的,基本可以代表原始岩浆成分。大具地区原始岩浆可分为两类,一类部分熔融程度较低,MgO、FeO含量分别为19.8%和11.3%;另一类部分熔融程度较高,MgO、FeO含量分别为23%和13.3%,与仕满原始岩浆成分类似。大具地区的岩石样品成分均不能代表该地区的原始岩浆成分,而是经历了明显的橄榄石分离结晶作用。另外,峨眉山大火成岩省中绝大多数的玄武岩中CaO含量不符合橄榄石分离结晶关系,并且MgO含量一般都低于8%,以及岩石中普遍出现单斜辉石和斜长石矿物等都表明这些玄武岩不可能由地幔部分熔融形成的原始岩浆直接通过橄榄石分离结晶作用形成。